-
1.
Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise.
Cano, A, Ventura, L, Martinez, G, Cugusi, L, Caria, M, Deriu, F, Manca, A
European journal of applied physiology. 2022;(1):29-70
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise; to identify the underpinning candidate physiological mechanisms. METHODS Three databases were searched from inception to August 2020. Pertinent studies quantifying the utilization of substrates during moderate aerobic exercise in healthy men and reproductive-age women were considered. Studies conducted on sedentary/recreationally active and athletic populations were included and analyzed separately. RESULTS Thirty-five studies entered the meta-analysis (21 in sedentary/recreationally active, 14 in athletic populations). Compared to women, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher both in sedentary (mean difference, MD: + 0.03; p < 0.00001) and athletic men (MD: + 0.02; p < 0.0001). Greater carbohydrate oxidation was observed both in sedentary (standardized MD, SMD: 0.53; p = 0.006) and athletic men (SMD: 1.24; p < 0.00001). Regarding lipid substrates, sedentary men oxidized less fat than women (SMD: - 0.77; p = 0.0002), while no sex-based differences in fat oxidation were observed in athletes (SMD: 0.06; p = 0.77). Paucity of data prevented robust meta-analyses for protein sources. Sex hormones and different adrenergic activation were the most cited mechanisms to discuss sex-based differences. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analyses confirmed that men display greater reliance on carbohydrates while women rely more on lipids to sustain moderate aerobic exercise. The latter finding was not confirmed in athletes, a novel aspect of the present study. Mechanistically driven research is needed to further dissect the physiological underpinnings of sex differences in substrate utilization during aerobic exercise, especially for proteins, which are still less investigated than other substrates.
-
2.
The COVID-19 Conundrum: Keeping safe while becoming inactive. A rapid review of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and exercise in adults by gender and age.
Christensen, A, Bond, S, McKenna, J
PloS one. 2022;(1):e0263053
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus (COVID-19) has severely impacted lifestyles worldwide. Responses to COVID-19 have intentionally restricted the factors that encourage regular and frequent PA; opportunity, capability and motivation. However, the effects of these restrictions are likely to have differed by gender and age and different intensities of PA. This rapid review builds on previous evidence by synthesising the global impact of COVID-19 on adult PA through specific intensities and types of PA and evaluating this by gender and age. METHODS A rapid systematic search of seven electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, and APA PsycArticles) was performed from December 2019 to January 2021. Studies investigating adult change in PA, exercise or sedentary behaviour due to COVID-19 were included. RESULTS From an initial database search identifying 3,863 articles, 66 remained for synthesis after applying eligibility criteria. Results demonstrate decreases among all intensities and types of PA-walking (6 out of 7 papers), moderate-only (5 out of 6 papers), vigorous-only (5 out of 6 papers) and MVPA (4 out of 5 papers); as well as overall PA (14-72% participants reported a decrease). Reflecting that COVID-19 responses were designed to have universal effects, they also achieved whole-society decreases in PA behaviour, accented in older age groups. CONCLUSION There is a universal need to address the low levels of PA post-COVID-19. The consequences of decreased PA across all intensities has powerful, potentially recoverable, impacts. Universal declines have implications for public health officials and PA advocates for post-COVID-19 initiatives to promote PA.
-
3.
The effect of exercise on left ventricular global longitudinal strain.
Murray, J, Bennett, H, Bezak, E, Perry, R, Boyle, T
European journal of applied physiology. 2022;(6):1397-1408
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Exercise improves measures of cardiovascular (CV) health and function. But as traditional measures improve gradually, it can be difficult to identify the effectiveness of an exercise intervention in the short-term. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) is a highly sensitive CV imaging measure that detects signs of myocardial dysfunction prior to more traditional measures, with reductions in LVGLS a strong prognostic indicator of future CV dysfunction and mortality. Due to its sensitivity, LVGLS may offer useful method of tracking the effectiveness of an exercise intervention on CV function in the short-term, providing practitioners useful information to improve patient care in exercise settings. However, the effect of exercise on LVGLS is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect exercise has on LVGLS across a range of populations. Included studies assessed LVGLS pre-post an exercise intervention (minimum 2 weeks) in adults 18 years and over, and were published in English from 2000 onwards. Study-level random-effects meta-analyses were performed using Stata (v16.1) to calculate summary standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). 39 studies met selection criteria, with 35 included in meta-analyses (1765 participants). In primary analyses, a significant improvement in LVGLS was observed in populations with CV disease (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI 0.16-1.02; p = 0.01), however, no significant effect of exercise was observed in CV risk factor and healthy populations. In populations with CV disease, LVGLS could be used as an early biomarker to determine the effectiveness of an exercise regime before changes in other clinical measures are observed.
-
4.
Multifactorial Mechanism of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Role of Physical Exercise, Microbiota and Myokines.
Bilski, J, Pierzchalski, P, Szczepanik, M, Bonior, J, Zoladz, JA
Cells. 2022;(1)
Abstract
Obesity and ageing place a tremendous strain on the global healthcare system. Age-related sarcopenia is characterized by decreased muscular strength, decreased muscle quantity, quality, and decreased functional performance. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition that combines sarcopenia and obesity and has a substantial influence on the older adults' health. Because of the complicated pathophysiology, there are disagreements and challenges in identifying and diagnosing SO. Recently, it has become clear that dysbiosis may play a role in the onset and progression of sarcopenia and SO. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines during contraction, which play an important role in controlling muscle growth, function, and metabolic balance. Myokine dysfunction can cause and aggravate obesity, sarcopenia, and SO. The only ways to prevent and slow the progression of sarcopenia, particularly sarcopenic obesity, are physical activity and correct nutritional support. While exercise cannot completely prevent sarcopenia and age-related loss in muscular function, it can certainly delay development and slow down the rate of sarcopenia. The purpose of this review was to discuss potential pathways to muscle deterioration in obese individuals. We also want to present the current understanding of the role of various factors, including microbiota and myokines, in the process of sarcopenia and SO.
-
5.
Moving more and sitting less in schools: What's the next step?
Strieter, L, Arena, R, Huizar, M
Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2021;:22-26
Abstract
Schools serve as the ideal location for implementing interventions to increase physical activity (PA) as children spend most of their day in the school setting. As adolescents become more and more sedentary and obesity statistics become more dire, efforts to increase physical literacy and PA should be heightened. Physical literacy is the ability for a child to understand the movement of their body and how it can be manipulated to increase activity for recreation or sports movement. When physical literacy is paired with school-based multi-component programs, children are more likely to make a behavior change. As educators know, children are more likely to make a behavior change when mastery of content is achieved, and the lesson is tailored to their needs. Even small changes, like moving a little more or adding an additional serving of vegetables to the diet, can make a profound impact. In the current review we discuss: 1) the state of PA within school systems; 2) provide a rationale for why school systems fail to meet said guidelines; and 3) suggest how guidelines can eventually be achieved through the promotion of physical literacy and effective school-based multi component programs.
-
6.
Neurobiological Processes Induced by Aerobic Exercise through the Endocannabinoidome.
Forteza, F, Giorgini, G, Raymond, F
Cells. 2021;(4)
Abstract
Evidence suggesting the triangulation of the endocannabinoid system, exercise, and neurological health is emerging. In addition to the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the expanded endocannabinoid system, known as the endocannabinoidome (eCBome), appears to be an important player in this relationship. The eCBome includes several endocannabinoid-like mediators such as N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols, the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation, and the receptors they affect. This review aims to relate the functional interactions between aerobic exercise, and the molecular and cellular pathways related to endocannabinoids, in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the periphery, with special attention given to associations with emotional state, cognition, and mental health. Given the well-documented roles of many eCBome members in regulating stress and neurological processes, we posit that the eCBome is an important effector of exercise-induced central and peripheral adaptive mechanisms that benefit mental health. Gut microbiota imbalance, affecting the gut-brain axis and metabolism, also influences certain eCBome-modulated inflammation pathways. The integrity of the gut microbiota could thus be crucial in the onset of neuroinflammation and mental conditions. Further studies on how the modulation by exercise of the peripheral eCBome affects brain functions could reveal to be key elements in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychological disorders.
-
7.
The fit-active profile to better reflect the benefits of a lifelong vigorous physical activity participation: mini-review of literature and population data.
Marin-Couture, E, Pérusse, L, Tremblay, A
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2021;(7):763-770
Abstract
Physical activity is favourably considered for its effect on metabolic fitness and body composition. This observation is generally supported by observational studies and is concordant with endurance-trained individuals' metabolic and morphological profiles. However, in some contexts, the measurement of physical activity habits may not provide an adequate representation of its benefits. In this paper, we review relevant literature on the respective effects of fitness and physical activity on anthropometric and metabolic variables and the informative potential of a classification based on aerobic fitness and activity indicators. The relevance to defining a profile based on both fitness and activity is reinforced by data from the Quebec Family Study showing that, in both men and women, "fit-active" individuals displayed a much more favourable morphological and metabolic profile than "unfit-inactive" individuals. Moreover, these benefits seemed to be more related to variations in fitness than in physical activity. In summary, evidence suggests that a profile combining information on aerobic fitness and physical activity may better reflect the lifelong impact of physical activity on body composition and health. Novelty: The fit-active profile better reflects the long-term benefits of vigorous physical activity participation on health. The reported benefits seem to be more related to variations in aerobic fitness than to those in physical activity.
-
8.
Post-exercise recovery for the endurance athlete with type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement.
Scott, SN, Fontana, FY, Cocks, M, Morton, JP, Jeukendrup, A, Dragulin, R, Wojtaszewski, JFP, Jensen, J, Castol, R, Riddell, MC, et al
The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology. 2021;(5):304-317
Abstract
There has been substantial progress in the knowledge of exercise and type 1 diabetes, with the development of guidelines for optimal glucose management. In addition, an increasing number of people living with type 1 diabetes are pushing their physical limits to compete at the highest level of sport. However, the post-exercise recovery routine, particularly with a focus on sporting performance, has received little attention within the scientific literature, with most of the focus being placed on insulin or nutritional adaptations to manage glycaemia before and during the exercise bout. The post-exercise recovery period presents an opportunity for maximising training adaption and recovery, and the clinical management of glycaemia through the rest of the day and overnight. The absence of clear guidance for the post-exercise period means that people with type 1 diabetes should either develop their own recovery strategies on the basis of individual trial and error, or adhere to guidelines that have been developed for people without diabetes. This Review provides an up-to-date consensus on post-exercise recovery and glucose management for individuals living with type 1 diabetes. We aim to: (1) outline the principles and time course of post-exercise recovery, highlighting the implications and challenges for endurance athletes living with type 1 diabetes; (2) provide an overview of potential strategies for post-exercise recovery that could be used by athletes with type 1 diabetes to optimise recovery and adaptation, alongside improved glycaemic monitoring and management; and (3) highlight the potential for technology to ease the burden of managing glycaemia in the post-exercise recovery period.
-
9.
Minimizing the Risk of Exercise-Induced Glucose Fluctuations in People Living With Type 1 Diabetes Using Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion: An Overview of Strategies.
Molveau, J, Rabasa-Lhoret, R, Taleb, N, Heyman, E, Myette-Côté, É, Suppère, C, Berthoin, S, Tagougui, S
Canadian journal of diabetes. 2021;(7):666-676
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is important for individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) due to its various health benefits. Nonetheless, maintaining adequate glycemic control around PA remains a challenge for many individuals living with T1D because of the difficulty in properly managing circulating insulin levels around PA. Although the most common problem is increased incidence of hypoglycemia during and after most types of PA, hyperglycemia can also occur. Accordingly, a large proportion of people living with T1D are sedentary partly due to the fear of PA-associated hypoglycemia. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) offers a higher precision and flexibility to adjust insulin basal rates and boluses according to the individual's specific needs around PA practice. Indeed, for physically active patients with T1D, CSII can be a preferred option to facilitate glucose regulation. To our knowledge, there are no guidelines to manage exercise-induced hypoglycemia during PA, specifically for individuals living with T1D and using CSII. In this review, we highlight the current state of knowledge on exercise-related glucose variations, especially hypoglycemic risk and its underlying physiology. We also detail the current recommendations for insulin modulations according to the different PA modalities (type, intensity, duration, frequency) in individuals living with T1D using CSII.
-
10.
Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review.
Rocha-Rodrigues, S, Sousa, M, Lourenço Reis, P, Leão, C, Cardoso-Marinho, B, Massada, M, Afonso, J
Nutrients. 2021;(2)
Abstract
Women have a number of specificities that differentiate them from men. In particular, the role of sex steroid hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) significantly impact women's physiology. The literature has shown nonlinear relationships between MC, exercise, and nutritional intake. Notably, these relationships are bidirectional and less straightforward than one would suppose. For example, the theoretical implications of the MC's phases on exercise performance do not always translate into relevant practical effects. There is often a disconnect between internal measures (e.g., levels of hormone concentrations) and external performance. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how nutritional intake varies across the MC's phases and whether these variations impact on exercise performance. Therefore, a thorough review of the existing knowledge could help in framing these complex relationships and potentially contribute to the optimization of exercise prescription and nutritional intake according to the naturally occurring phases of the MC. Throughout this review, an emerging trend is the lack of generalizability and the need to individualize interventions, since the consequences of the MC's phases and their relationships with exercise and nutritional intake seem to vary greatly from person to person. In this sense, average data are probably not relevant and could potentially be misleading.