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Type 2 diabetes preventive effects with a 12-months sardine-enriched diet in elderly population with prediabetes: An interventional, randomized and controlled trial.
Díaz-Rizzolo, DA, Serra, A, Colungo, C, Sala-Vila, A, Sisó-Almirall, A, Gomis, R
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;40(5):2587-2598
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Older people have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to the possibility of β-cell dysfunction due to ageing. Sardines are believed to be protective against the development of T2D. Therefore, this randomised controlled trial evaluated the preventative effects of a sardine-rich diet in elderly prediabetic patients. For one year, both the sardine group (SG) and control group (CG) followed a T2D prevention diet, with the SG consuming 200 g of sardines each week. Both groups improved body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, and body composition. Taurine, EPA, DHA, omega-3 fatty acid, calcium, iodine, zinc, phosphorous and fluoride, vitamin B12 and D, and lycopene and tocopherols were found to be higher in the SG than the CG, indicating the sardines were protective against T2D. In SG, HDL cholesterol and adiponectin levels were significantly increased, and blood pressure and triglycerides were decreased, signalling a reduced risk of T2D and cardiovascular disease. In addition, SG showed a reduction in HOMA-IR and an Omega-3 fatty acid was substituted for Omega-6 fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane, suggesting a reduced risk of T2D. Further robust research is required to confirm the protective effect of a sardine-enriched diet against T2D. It may be useful to healthcare providers to comprehend how a sardine-enriched diet could improve obesity, T2D and CVD markers in pre-diabetic elderly patients.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish could play a role in preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D) but there has been little specification about the type of fish and the preventive mechanism involved in its health claim. The sardine is a source of omega-3 and taurine that, in isolation or in synergy, would produce T2D-delaying through different molecular mechanism. HYPOTHESIS The consumption of twice a week of sardine, during one year would reduce T2D-developing risk in a population with prediabetes (preDM) and old age. DESIGN 152 subjects with fasting glucose between 100-124 mg/dL aged ≥65 yo were recruited from three primary care centers in Barcelona and were randomly distributed among two interventional groups: control group (CG) and sardine group (SG). Both groups received same T2D-prevention nutritional during a year but only SG had to add 200 g of sardine per week. All variables were collected before to start and at the end of the diet. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03557541). RESULTS 152 people were randomized into CG (n=77) and SG (n=75) with 18 and 12 drop outs respectively. Subjects in SG, significantly compared to CG, decreased percentage classified-individuals in a very high risk group to develop T2D according to FINDRISC (p=0.035). In addition to increasing HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin and decreasing triglycerides (p<0.05) and blood pressure (<0.05), SG showed a lower HOMA-IR (p=0.032). The consumption of sardine characteristics nutrients as omega-3, EPA and DHA, vitamin D, fluorine and taurine were higher for SG (p<0.05). These results agreed with the increased of taurine, fatty acid (FA) omega-3 and bile acids circulating metabolites (p<0.05). Changes erythrocyte membrane FA were detected only in SG with a decrease of 5 omega-6 FA (p<0.001) and an increase of 3 omega-3 FA types (p<0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that a year T2D-prevention diet with sardine supplementation has a greater protective effect against developing T2D and CV events.
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Association between plasma fatty acids and inflammatory markers in patients with and without insulin resistance and in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a cross-sectional study.
Bersch-Ferreira, ÂC, Sampaio, GR, Gehringer, MO, Torres, EAFDS, Ross-Fernandes, MB, da Silva, JT, Torreglosa, CR, Kovacs, C, Alves, R, Magnoni, CD, et al
Nutrition journal. 2018;17(1):26
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It is known that people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) have increased inflammation and raised levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. The presence of insulin resistance is thought to increase these levels, as are certain fatty acids coming from dietary fats. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to compare the levels of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with CVD with and without insulin resistance, and to evaluate the possible link between the blood levels of fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers among these patients. The authors concluded that the CVD patients with insulin resistance had a higher concentration of some inflammatory molecules in the blood than those without insulin resistance. They also observed that saturated fatty acids were linked to higher levels of inflammatory molecules in the blood, while unsaturated fatty acids correlated with lower levels.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proinflammatory biomarkers levels are increased among patients with cardiovascular disease, and it is known that both the presence of insulin resistance and diet may influence those levels. However, these associations are not well studied among patients with established cardiovascular disease. Our objective is to compare inflammatory biomarker levels among cardiovascular disease secondary prevention patients with and without insulin resistance, and to evaluate if there is any association between plasma fatty acid levels and inflammatory biomarker levels among them. METHODS In this cross-sectional sub-study from the BALANCE Program Trial, we collected data from 359 patients with established cardiovascular disease. Plasma fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) were measured. Biomarkers and plasma fatty acid levels of subjects across insulin resistant and not insulin resistant groups were compared, and general linear models were used to examine the association between plasma fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS Subjects with insulin resistance had a higher concentration of hs-CRP (p = 0.002) and IL-6 (p = 0.002) than subjects without insulin resistance. Among subjects without insulin resistance there was a positive association between stearic fatty acid and IL-6 (p = 0.032), and a negative association between alpha-linolenic fatty acid and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (p < 0.05). Among those with insulin resistance there was a positive association between monounsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic fatty acid and adiponectin (p < 0.05), and a negative association between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (p < 0.05), as well as a negative association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and adiponectin (p < 0.05). Our study has not found any association between hs-CRP and plasma fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Subjects in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease with insulin resistance have a higher concentration of hs-CRP and IL-6 than individuals without insulin resistance, and these inflammatory biomarkers are positively associated with saturated fatty acids and negatively associated with unsaturated fatty acids.
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The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Wilson, JM, Lowery, RP, Joy, JM, Andersen, JC, Wilson, SM, Stout, JR, Duncan, N, Fuller, JC, Baier, SM, Naimo, MA, et al
European journal of applied physiology. 2014;114(6):1217-27
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Supplementation of a leucine metabolite in the free acid form, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA), has been found to increase skeletal muscle and attenuate muscle damage. Currently research on HMB-FA supplementation is limited, and no long-term studies have been conducted. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of HMB-FA supplementation on skeletal muscle, body composition and performance in 24 resistance-trained athletes. This study found that HMB-FA enhances lean body mass, muscle hypertrophy, strength and power following resistance training. Additionally, during overreaching phases of training, HMB-FA supplementation prevented typical declines in performance.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies utilizing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in trained populations are limited. No long-term studies utilizing HMB free acid (HMB-FA) have been conducted. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 12 weeks of HMB-FA supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, body composition, strength, and power in trained individuals. We also determined the effects of HMB-FA on muscle damage and performance during an overreaching cycle. METHODS A three-phase double-blind, placebo- and diet-controlled randomized intervention study was conducted. Phase 1 was an 8-week-periodized resistance-training program; Phase 2 was a 2-week overreaching cycle; and Phase 3 was a 2-week taper. Muscle mass, strength, and power were examined at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 to assess the chronic effects of HMB-FA; and assessment of these, as well as cortisol, testosterone, and creatine kinase (CK) was performed at weeks 9 and 10 of the overreaching cycle. RESULTS HMB-FA resulted in increased total strength (bench press, squat, and deadlift combined) over the 12-week training (77.1 ± 18.4 vs. 25.3 ± 22.0 kg, p < 0.001); a greater increase in vertical jump power (991 ± 168 vs. 630 ± 167 W, p < 0.001); and increased lean body mass gain (7.4 ± 4.2 vs. 2.1 ± 6.1 kg, p < 0.001) in HMB-FA- and placebo-supplemented groups, respectively. During the overreaching cycle, HMB-FA attenuated increases in CK (-6 ± 91 vs. 277 ± 229 IU/l, p < 0.001) and cortisol (-0.2 ± 2.9 vs. 4.5 ± 1.7 μg/dl, p < 0.003) in the HMB-FA- and placebo-supplemented groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HMB-FA enhances hypertrophy, strength, and power following chronic resistance training, and prevents decrements in performance following the overreaching.