-
1.
Trial of the MIND Diet for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons.
Barnes, LL, Dhana, K, Liu, X, Carey, VJ, Ventrelle, J, Johnson, K, Hollings, CS, Bishop, L, Laranjo, N, Stubbs, BJ, et al
The New England journal of medicine. 2023;389(7):602-611
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Lifestyle interventions targeting diet are a possible approach that could affect public health. Most clinical trials have investigated comprehensive diets, in contrast to dietary manipulation of single foods or nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 3-year dietary intervention on cognitive decline and brain-imaging markers of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in older, cognitively unimpaired adults at risk for dementia because of family history. This study was a 3-year, two-site, randomised, controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to follow the MIND diet with mild caloric restriction for weight loss or their usual diet with the same mild caloric restriction for weight loss (control diet). Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio. Results showed that the participants who followed the MIND diet had small improvements in a global measure of cognition that were similar to those who followed a control diet with mild caloric restriction. Authors concluded that brain health, cognitive function and brain imaging outcomes (after 3 years) did not differ significantly between participants who followed the MIND diet and those who followed a control diet with a mild caloric restriction.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from observational studies suggest that dietary patterns may offer protective benefits against cognitive decline, but data from clinical trials are limited. The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay, known as the MIND diet, is a hybrid of the Mediterranean diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, with modifications to include foods that have been putatively associated with a decreased risk of dementia. METHODS We performed a two-site, randomized, controlled trial involving older adults without cognitive impairment but with a family history of dementia, a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) greater than 25, and a suboptimal diet, as determined by means of a 14-item questionnaire, to test the cognitive effects of the MIND diet with mild caloric restriction as compared with a control diet with mild caloric restriction. We assigned the participants in a 1:1 ratio to follow the intervention or the control diet for 3 years. All the participants received counseling regarding adherence to their assigned diet plus support to promote weight loss. The primary end point was the change from baseline in a global cognition score and four cognitive domain scores, all of which were derived from a 12-test battery. The raw scores from each test were converted to z scores, which were averaged across all tests to create the global cognition score and across component tests to create the four domain scores; higher scores indicate better cognitive performance. The secondary outcome was the change from baseline in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived measures of brain characteristics in a nonrandom sample of participants. RESULTS A total of 1929 persons underwent screening, and 604 were enrolled; 301 were assigned to the MIND-diet group and 303 to the control-diet group. The trial was completed by 93.4% of the participants. From baseline to year 3, improvements in global cognition scores were observed in both groups, with increases of 0.205 standardized units in the MIND-diet group and 0.170 standardized units in the control-diet group (mean difference, 0.035 standardized units; 95% confidence interval, -0.022 to 0.092; P = 0.23). Changes in white-matter hyperintensities, hippocampal volumes, and total gray- and white-matter volumes on MRI were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among cognitively unimpaired participants with a family history of dementia, changes in cognition and brain MRI outcomes from baseline to year 3 did not differ significantly between those who followed the MIND diet and those who followed the control diet with mild caloric restriction. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02817074.).
-
2.
Referral to Slimming World in UK Stop Smoking Services (SWISSS) versus stop smoking support alone on body weight in quitters: results of a randomised controlled trial.
Lycett, D, Aveyard, P, Farmer, A, Lewis, A, Munafò, M
BMJ open. 2020;10(1):e032271
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Weight gain is a well-known consequence of smoking cessation. The aim of this study was to compare standard stop smoking behavioural support with an intervention that, in addition to providing standard stop smoking support, included personalised weight management support, provided by Slimming World. This study is a parallel group, individually randomised controlled trial. Participants were randomised (1:1) to usual care or Slimming World with usual care. Stop smoking advisors were unaware of the randomisation sequence. Results showed that referral to the Slimming World programme plus usual stop smoking support achieved significantly less weight gain than usual stop smoking support alone. Furthermore, percentage quit was no worse in the treatment than the control group. Authors conclude that referral to a behavioural weight loss programme may be a pragmatic option within stop smoking clinics.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most people who stop smoking gain weight. Dietary modification may seem an obvious solution, but food restriction may increase cigarette craving and smoking relapse. TRIAL DESIGN An unblinded parallel randomised controlled trial. METHODS Participants were adult smokers with a body mass index greater or equal to 23 kg/m2. Setting was National Health Service commissioned Stop Smoking Services, interventions were referral to a commercial weight management programme, plus stop smoking support (treatment group), compared with stop smoking support alone (control group). Objective was to compare weight change between interventions in smoking abstainers and not abstinent rates in all. Primary outcome was change in weight (kg) at 12 weeks. Randomisation sequence was computer generated and concealed until allocation. RESULTS Seventy-six participants were recruited, 37 were randomised to the treatment group and 39 to the control group. Change in weight was analysed in long-term abstainers (13 treatment, 14 control) only because the aim was to prevent weight gain associated with smoking cessation. Abstinence was analysed on an intention-to-treat basis (37 treatment, 39 control). At 12 weeks weight gain was less in the treatment than the control group with an adjusted mean difference of -2.3 kg 95% CI (-4.4 to -0.1). Craving scores were lower (Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale craving domain -1.6 (-2.7 to -0.5)) and quit rates were higher in the treatment than the control group (32% vs 21%), although the trial was not powered to superiority in cravings and quit rates. No adverse events or side effects were reported. CONCLUSION In people who are obese and want to quit smoking, these data provide modest encouragement that providing weight management at the time of quitting may be helpful. Those who are not obese, but who are informed about potential weight gain during their quit attempt, were uninterested in a weight management programme. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN65705512.
-
3.
Gut feelings: A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for depressive symptoms.
Chahwan, B, Kwan, S, Isik, A, van Hemert, S, Burke, C, Roberts, L
Journal of affective disorders. 2019;253:317-326
-
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that is the leading cause of disability world-wide. Multiple causes of depression have been identified, including genetic, neurological, inflammatory, personality, cognitive, and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the multispecies probiotic Ecologic® Barrier for reducing symptoms in adults with mild to severe levels of depression. The study was a triple-blinded parallel, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups; probiotic and placebo. 71 participants with depressive symptoms were recruited and allocated sequentially over 12 months. Results indicate that all participants across both probiotic and placebo groups exhibited a reduction in depressive symptoms over the time-period of the trial. Thus, the routine involved with daily preparation and consumption of the probiotic and scheduled appointments, as well as involvement in these behaviours with the aim of seeking improvement in depressive symptoms had positive impacts on mood, irrespective of whether the probiotic or placebo was consumed. Authors conclude that their findings offer evidence to indicate that probiotic consumption can exert change on cognitive patterns associated with depression.
Expert Review
Conflicts of interest:
None
Take Home Message:
- This study offers evidence to indicate that probiotic consumption can exert change on cognitive patterns associated with depression.
- The study suggests that probiotics, rather than having a direct effect on depressive symptoms, potentially act on immune system activity, inflammation and gut barrier integrity which contribute to the expression of depression.
- Probiotics may be a useful adjunct to potentiate the effects of other therapies, such as CBT.
- This study points to the validity of managing physical health as part of mental health treatment.
Evidence Category:
-
X
A: Meta-analyses, position-stands, randomized-controlled trials (RCTs)
-
B: Systematic reviews including RCTs of limited number
-
C: Non-randomized trials, observational studies, narrative reviews
-
D: Case-reports, evidence-based clinical findings
-
E: Opinion piece, other
Summary Review:
With evidence suggesting that decreased gut barrier function and inflammation are correlated with depression, this study set out to determine the effect of consumption of probiotic supplements on depressive symptoms from a sample of 71 participants with depression. The study was a triple-blinded parallel, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial conducted over 8 weeks in Australia. Pre and post intervention measures of symptoms and vulnerability markers of depression as well as gut microbiota were compared alongside psychological variables and gut microbiota composition to non-depressed, placebo and probiotic groups. All the clinical trial participants demonstrated an improvement in symptoms – participants in the probiotic group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in cognitive reactivity compared with the placebo group. Probiotics did not significantly alter the microbiota of depressed individuals, however a significant correlation was found between Ruminococcus gnavus and one of the metrics for depression.
Clinical practice applications:
This study was small and carried out over a short period of time. While significant results were found, which signify potential considerations for clinical practice, the results from this study do not offer evidence that the probiotics used had a direct effect on depressive symptoms – they suggest that probiotics potentially act on cognitive processes contributing to depression which may include immune system activity, inflammation, and gut barrier integrity. Overall, this study offers evidence to indicate that probiotic consumption can exert change on cognitive patterns associated with depression. In clinical practice, probiotics may be a useful adjunct to potentiate the effects of therapies, such as CBT. Finally, the use of probiotics promotes the concept of managing physical health as part of mental health treatment.
Considerations for future research:
These preliminary results are promising and offer a number of future research and clinical avenues to build upon. The results do however, indicate that a longer trial may be needed to fully assess the effects of probiotics on mood and the mechanisms by which probiotics may be influencing this. The study also suggests that further research using a range of concentrations in a dose response study may be warranted to determine the optimal dose; a greater dose over a longer period may produce detectable changes in microbiota as well as further differences in psychological data.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide; with evidence suggesting that decreased gut barrier function and inflammation are correlated with depressive symptoms. We conducted a clinical trial to determine the effect of consumption of probiotic supplements (Winclove's Ecologic® Barrier) on depressive symptoms in a sample of participants with mild to severe depression. METHOD 71 participants were randomly allocated to either probiotic or placebo, which was, consumed daily over eight weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures of symptoms and vulnerability markers of depression as well as gut microbiota composition were compared. Clinical trial participants were also compared on psychological variables and gut microbiota composition to a non-depressed group (n = 20). RESULTS All clinical trial participants demonstrated improvement in symptoms, suggesting non-specific therapeutic effects associated with weekly monitoring visits. Participants in the probiotic group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in cognitive reactivity compared with the placebo group, particularly in the mild/moderate subgroup. Probiotics did not significantly alter the microbiota of depressed individuals, however, a significant correlation was found between Ruminococcus gnavus and one depression metric. LIMITATIONS There was a high attrition rate, which may be attributed to weekly monitoring visits. Additionally, modulation of the gut microbiota may need more specific testing to distinguish subtle changes. CONCLUSIONS While microbiota composition was similar between all groups, probiotics did affect a psychological variable associated with susceptibility to depression. Further research is needed to investigate how probiotics can be utilised to modify mental wellbeing, and whether they can act as an adjunct to existing treatments.
-
4.
A Randomized Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial of very Low-Calorie Diet in Overweight Migraine Patients: A Possible Role for Ketones?
Di Lorenzo, C, Pinto, A, Ienca, R, Coppola, G, Sirianni, G, Di Lorenzo, G, Parisi, V, Serrao, M, Spagnoli, A, Vestri, A, et al
Nutrients. 2019;11(8)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The ketogenic diet (KD) constitutes high-fat, adequate protein, and low-carbohydrate, and has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Recently, KD showed promising results for treating other neurological conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKDs) in overweight episodic migraine patients during a weight-loss intervention. This study is a double-blind cross-over design randomised trial (of five phases). Participants eligible for trial participation were overweight/obese adults, aged 18 to 65 years, who had at least 12 months’ history of migraines with or without aura. Subjects alternated randomly between a very low-calorie ketogenic diet and a very low-calorie non-ketogenic diet (VLCnKD) each for one month. Results indicate that a 4-week period VLCKD, despite inducing similar weight loss and glycaemic profile, was significantly more effective than VLCnKD in preventing migraine attacks, as evidenced by a decrease in the frequency of migraine days and attacks, and a greater than 50% response rate. Authors conclude that VLCKD is effective for rapid, short-term improvement of migraines in overweight patients, while VLCnKD is not.
Abstract
Here we aimed at determining the therapeutic effect of a very low-calorie diet in overweight episodic migraine patients during a weight-loss intervention in which subjects alternated randomly between a very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) and a very low-calorie non-ketogenic diet (VLCnKD) each for one month. In a nutritional program, 35 overweight obese migraine sufferers were allocated blindly to 1-month successive VLCKD or VLCnKD in random order (VLCKD-VLCnKD or VLCnKD-VLCD). The primary outcome measure was the reduction of migraine days each month compared to a 1-month pre-diet baseline. Secondary outcome measures were 50% responder rate for migraine days, reduction of monthly migraine attacks, abortive drug intake and body mass index (BMI) change. Only data from the intention-to-treat cohort (n = 35) will be presented. Patients who dropped out (n = 6) were considered as treatment failures. Regarding the primary outcome, during the VLCKD patients experienced -3.73 (95% CI: -5.31, -2.15) migraine days respect to VLCnKD (p < 0.0001). The 50% responder rate for migraine days was 74.28% (26/35 patients) during the VLCKD period, but only 8.57% (3/35 patients) during VLCnKD. Migraine attacks decreased by -3.02 (95% CI: -4.15, -1.88) during VLCKD respect to VLCnKD (p < 0.00001). There were no differences in the change of acute anti-migraine drug consumption (p = 0.112) and BMI (p = 0.354) between the 2 diets. A VLCKD has a preventive effect in overweight episodic migraine patients that appears within 1 month, suggesting that ketogenesis may be a useful therapeutic strategy for migraines.
-
5.
Exploring Associations between Interindividual Differences in Taste Perception, Oral Microbiota Composition, and Reported Food Intake.
Cattaneo, C, Riso, P, Laureati, M, Gargari, G, Pagliarini, E
Nutrients. 2019;11(5)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
There are many known drivers of food choice and habits, however, taste is considered one of the main predictors. Each taste quality is associated with different nutritional or physiological requirements or indicates a potential dietary risk. The main aim of this study was to explore whether variation in gustatory functions among individuals could be related to different dietary patterns and intake. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between gustatory functions and dietary patterns in relation to oral microbiota composition. The study recruited 59 (27 male and 32 female) healthy, normal-weight volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years of age. Seven concentrations for each taste stimulus were prepared to determine the recognition thresholds. Results indicate that: (i) recognition thresholds for the basic tastes were associated with each other, even though in different ways, (ii) interindividual differences in taste perception may influence habitual food consumption and intake, and (iii) there are gender-related differences in food consumption frequency and intake. Authors conclude that nongenetic factors, such as the oral bacteria lining the tongue, should be adequately considered in order to gain new insights into taste-related eating habits that may influence long-term health outcomes.
Abstract
The role of taste perception, its relationship with oral microbiota composition, and their putative link with eating habits and food intake were the focus of the present study. A sample of 59 reportedly healthy adults (27 male, 32 female; age: 23.3 ± 2.6 years) were recruited for the study and taste thresholds for basic tastes, food intake, and oral microbiota composition were evaluated. Differences in taste perception were associated with different habitual food consumption (i.e., frequency) and actual intake. Subjects who were orally hyposensitive to salty taste reported consuming more bakery and salty baked products, saturated-fat-rich products, and soft drinks than hypersensitive subjects. Subjects hyposensitive to sweet taste reported consuming more frequently sweets and desserts than the hypersensitive group. Moreover, subjects hypersensitive to bitter taste showed higher total energy and carbohydrate intakes compared to those who perceived the solution as less bitter. Some bacterial taxa on tongue dorsum were associated with gustatory functions and with vegetable-rich (e.g., Prevotella) or protein/fat-rich diets (e.g., Clostridia). Future studies will be pivotal to confirm the hypothesis and the potential exploitation of oral microbiome as biomarker of long-term consumption of healthy or unhealthy diets.
-
6.
Effect of intermittent vs. daily calorie restriction on changes in weight and patient-reported outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis.
Fitzgerald, KC, Vizthum, D, Henry-Barron, B, Schweitzer, A, Cassard, SD, Kossoff, E, Hartman, AL, Kapogiannis, D, Sullivan, P, Baer, DJ, et al
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2018;23:33-39
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system. Dietary modification is emerging as a safe intervention to potentially modify disease course. The main aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of an intermittent fasting diet in people with MS. Secondary outcomes explored the effects of calorie restriction (CR) diets on body weight and anthropometric characteristics as well as on patient-reported outcomes including fatigue, sleep and mood. The study is a pilot randomised controlled feeding study of three different types of diets. Each participant (n=36) was randomized to 1 of 3 diets: a control diet (placebo), a daily CR diet and intermittent CR diet. Results indicate that daily CR diet was associated with marginally greater weight loss than the intermittent CR diet. Both CR diets were associated with trends toward improvements in cardiometabolic outcomes. Furthermore, CR diets were associated with in improvements in emotional well-being. Authors conclude that CR and weight loss represent interventions for clinically relevant symptoms due to MS, such as emotional well-being, without adding meaningful risks or adverse outcomes.
Abstract
An intermittent fasting or calorie restriction diet has favorable effects in the mouse forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and may provide additional anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective advantages beyond benefits obtained from weight loss alone. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled feeding study in 36 people with MS to assess safety and feasibility of different types of calorie restriction (CR) diets and assess their effects on weight and patient reported outcomes in people with MS. Patients were randomized to receive 1 of 3 diets for 8 weeks: daily CR diet (22% daily reduction in energy needs), intermittent CR diet (75% reduction in energy needs, 2 days/week; 0% reduction, 5 days/week), or a weight-stable diet (0% reduction in energy needs, 7 days/week). Of the 36 patients enrolled, 31 (86%) completed the trial; no significant adverse events occurred. Participants randomized to CR diets lost a median 3.4 kg (interquartile range [IQR]: -2.4, -4.0). Changes in weight did not differ significantly by type of CR diet, although participants randomized to daily CR tended to have greater weight loss (daily CR: -3.6 kg [IQR: -3.0, -4.1] vs. intermittent CR: -3.0 kg [IQR: -1.95, -4.1]; P = 0.15). Adherence to study diets differed significantly between intermittent CR vs. daily CR, with lesser adherence observed for intermittent CR (P = 0.002). Randomization to either CR diet was associated with significant improvements in emotional well-being/depression scores relative to control, with an average 8-week increase of 1.69 points (95% CI: 0.72, 2.66). CR diets are a safe/feasible way to achieve weight loss in people with MS and may be associated with improved emotional health.
-
7.
Association between eating behaviour and diet quality: eating alone vs. eating with others.
Chae, W, Ju, YJ, Shin, J, Jang, SI, Park, EC
Nutrition journal. 2018;17(1):117
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Selecting foods for a day is easily influenced by the social environment and eating together or alone plays a big role in that decision. The study aims to evaluate the association between diet quality of the modern Korean adult population based on the eating behaviour and the socioeconomic factors that influence their diet quality. The study is a cross-sectional study which included 3365 men and 5258 women aged between 19 and 64 years. The study included demographic, socioeconomics, and health behaviour factors as covariates. Results indicate that diet quality is influence by eating behaviour. Authors observed that when Korean adults ate without a companion, their diet quality was significantly lower than those who consistently ate with others. Furthermore, from the higher education to lower education level, the diet quality declined when they eat alone. Authors conclude that many Korean adults are experiencing low diet quality when they eat alone. The study provides evidence to promote interventions to improve diet quality among the public.
Abstract
BACKGROUND To discover the association between eating alone and diet quality among Korean adults who eat alone measured by the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), METHODS The cross-sectional study in diet quality which was measured by nutrient intakes, indicated as MAR and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) with the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI 2013-2015 data. Study population was 8523 Korean adults. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify the association between eating behaviour and MAR and further study analysed how socioeconomic factors influence the diet quality of those who eat alone. RESULTS We found that the diet quality of people who eat alone was lower than that of people who eat together in both male (β: - 0.110, p = 0.002) and female participants (β: - 0.069, p = 0.005). Among who eats alone, the socioeconomic factors that negatively influenced MAR with the living arrangement, education level, income levels, and various occupation classifications. CONCLUSIONS People who eat alone have nutrition intake below the recommended amount. This could lead to serious health problems not only to those who are socially disadvantaged but also those who are in a higher social stratum. Policy-makers should develop strategies to enhance diet quality to prevent potential risk factors.
-
8.
Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy.
Xie, G, Zhou, Q, Qiu, CZ, Dai, WK, Wang, HP, Li, YH, Liao, JX, Lu, XG, Lin, SF, Ye, JH, et al
World journal of gastroenterology. 2017;23(33):6164-6171
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
A ketogenic diet is a high fat diet recommended as an alternative therapy for infants with refractory (uncontrolled) epilepsy. Research has demonstrated that gut microbiota is affected by diet, particularly diets high in fat. According to various studies on gut brain axis, the gut microbiota may also effect children’s neurodevelopment. The aim of this study is to investigate the difference in the gut microbiota of infants who have refractory epilepsy with healthy infants, and the effect of ketogenic diet on the gut microbiota. 14 subjects with refractory epilepsy, as well as 15 healthy male and 15 healthy female infants under 3 years were recruited for this study. On analysis the gut microbiota of healthy infants had greater microbial diversity in comparison to epileptic infants. The intervention of a ketogenic diet showed significant improvement in reducing the pathogenic bacteria and increasing beneficial Bacterioidetes, though the authors concluded that a ketogenic diet as an alternative treatment for epileptic seizures needs further research.
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota (GM), and how ketogenic diet (KD) alters GM. METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR, and inter-group comparison was conducted by R software. RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week, 64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement, with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants (P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants (Health group). Proteobacteria, which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group, decreased dramatically after KD treatment (P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group, in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing. CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.
-
9.
Circadian Rhythms, Metabolism, and Chrononutrition in Rodents and Humans.
Johnston, JD, Ordovás, JM, Scheer, FA, Turek, FW
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). 2016;7(2):399-406
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Chrononutrition is an emerging field that links the body’s metabolism to its endogenous circadian rhythm. It is now recognised that numerous circadian clocks are found within all major tissues and most cells of the body. This complex network of clocks influences a wide range of biological processes including neuronal, endocrine, metabolic and behavioural function. When there is a disruption in a single circadian clock, whole-organism homeostasis can be impacted, potentially resulting in the development of disease. This review explains the potential mechanisms by which circadian clocks influence biological processes through transgenic animal studies, and how they are being translated to human genetics and metabolomics. The principles of chrononutrition are clinically significant factors that should be considered when managing and treating metabolic disease, as well as maintaining health in the general population.
Abstract
Chrononutrition is an emerging discipline that builds on the intimate relation between endogenous circadian (24-h) rhythms and metabolism. Circadian regulation of metabolic function can be observed from the level of intracellular biochemistry to whole-organism physiology and even postprandial responses. Recent work has elucidated the metabolic roles of circadian clocks in key metabolic tissues, including liver, pancreas, white adipose, and skeletal muscle. For example, tissue-specific clock disruption in a single peripheral organ can cause obesity or disruption of whole-organism glucose homeostasis. This review explains mechanistic insights gained from transgenic animal studies and how these data are being translated into the study of human genetics and physiology. The principles of chrononutrition have already been demonstrated to improve human weight loss and are likely to benefit the health of individuals with metabolic disease, as well as of the general population.
-
10.
Supplementation with B vitamins or n-3 fatty acids and depressive symptoms in cardiovascular disease survivors: ancillary findings from the SUpplementation with FOLate, vitamins B-6 and B-12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids (SU.FOL.OM3) randomized trial.
Andreeva, VA, Galan, P, Torrès, M, Julia, C, Hercberg, S, Kesse-Guyot, E
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2012;96(1):208-14
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Depression is associated with poorer outcomes in people with heart disease. Substantial evidence suggests a link between dietary factors and mental health. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of supplementation with B vitamins or omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on depressive symptoms in people with heart disease. Adults aged 45-80 years with cardiovascular disease were randomly assigned to receive 0.56mg folate (as 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate), 3mg vitamin B6 and 0.02mg vitamin B12 ; 600mg EPA and DHA (in a 2:1 ratio); B vitamins plus n-3 fatty acids; or a placebo. Depressive symptoms were measured at years 3 and 5 using the Geriatric Depression Scale. There was no association between supplementation with B vitamins and depressive symptoms. However, men who took n-3 fatty acid supplements had a 28% higher risk of experiencing symptoms of depression. There was no such association observed in women. The authors concluded that the results of the study do not support the use of B vitamin or n-3 supplements for the prevention of depression in CVD survivors.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors might affect depressive symptoms. OBJECTIVE In secondary data analyses, we examined effects of supplementation with B vitamins or n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids on depressive symptoms in cardiovascular disease survivors. DESIGN The SUpplementation with FOLate, vitamins B-6 and B-12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids (SU.FOL.OM3) trial was a secondary prevention trial (2003-2009; n = 2501) in which individuals aged 45-80 y were randomly assigned, by using a 2 × 2 factorial design, to receive 0.56 mg 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate and vitamins B-6 (3 mg) and B-12 (0.02 mg); EPA and DHA (600 mg) in a 2:1 ratio; B vitamins and n-3 fatty acids; or a placebo. Depressive symptoms were evaluated at years 3 and 5 with the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Overall and sex-specific ORs and 95% CIs were estimated in 2000 participants by using factorial logistic regression. RESULTS After a median of 4.7 y of supplementation, there was no association between allocation to receive B vitamins and depressive symptoms. However, the allocation to receive n-3 fatty acids was positively associated with depressive symptoms (GDS >10) in men (adjusted OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.61) but not in women. CONCLUSIONS We showed no beneficial effects of a long-term, low-dose supplementation with B vitamins or n-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in cardiovascular disease survivors. The adverse effects of n-3 fatty acids in men merit confirmation.