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1.
Fatty acids as essential adjuvants to treat various ailments and their role in drug delivery: A review.
Katdare, A, Thakkar, S, Dhepale, S, Khunt, D, Misra, M
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2019;:138-157
Abstract
Since the discovery of fatty acids, a niche has been carved for their vital role as adjuvants in drug delivery and as treatment for various diseases. The literature has repeatedly described the essential role of various fatty acids in treating a wide range of diseases and disorders, from central nervous system diseases to wound healing. The use of fatty acids has expanded to many horizons and in recent decades they have gained importance as drug delivery adjuvants in addition to their auxiliary benefits in treating various diseases. Although fatty acids aid in solving both formulation-based and therapeutic challenges to our knowledge, they have never been viewed as dual agents in modern scientific literature. The aim of this review was to provide this perspective and combine the very discreet literature about fatty acids, which includes their role as therapeutic adjuvants and drug delivery agents. It gives insights on the use of fatty acids in treating the diseases of the eye, skin, central nervous system, viral diseases, and so on. The review further discusses how the structure of fatty acids plays an important role in therapeutic activity and affects formulation stability.
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2.
Adjuvant Therapies in Food Immunotherapy.
Loh, W, Tang, M
Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2018;(1):89-101
Abstract
Finding an effective curative treatment for food allergy is a research priority. Although oral immunotherapy (OIT) is effective at inducing desensitization, the temporary nature of this effect and high rates of adverse reactions have highlighted a need for novel strategies to improve tolerance induction and safety. One such strategy is the use of an adjuvant together with food immunotherapy to either suppress allergic reactions and/or modulate the underlying allergic immune response. In particular, the use of bacterial adjuvants seems to be a promising means of enhancing OIT-induced sustained unresponsiveness and warrants further investigation.
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3.
Pediatric Wells syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis) after vaccination: A case report and review of the literature.
Yu, AM, Ito, S, Leibson, T, Lavi, S, Fu, LW, Weinstein, M, Skotnicki, SM
Pediatric dermatology. 2018;(5):e262-e264
Abstract
A 4-year-old boy presented with erythematous vesicular plaques, ulceration, edema, and pruritus on the left foot and ankle 10 days after receiving the tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and polio; measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella; and hepatitis A/B vaccines. Biopsy showed eosinophilic infiltrates and flame figures, suggesting Wells syndrome. Patch testing showed a 1+ reaction to neomycin and aluminum hydroxide, with a recall reaction of Wells syndrome of the feet bilaterally. We report a rare case of pediatric Wells syndrome triggered by nonthimerosal vaccine components confirmed by patch testing.
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4.
Aluminum in vaccines: Does it create a safety problem?
Principi, N, Esposito, S
Vaccine. 2018;(39):5825-5831
Abstract
For almost a century, aluminum (Al) in the form of Al oxyhydroxide (a crystalline compound), Al hydroxyphosphate (an amorphous Al phosphate hydroxide), Al phosphate, and Al potassium sulfate has been used to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines. Al is currently included in vaccines against tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Official health authorities consider the inclusion of Al in most of the presently recommended vaccines to be extremely effective and sufficiently safe. However, the inclusion of Al salts in vaccines has been debated for several years because of studies that seem to indicate that chronic Al exposure through vaccine administration can interfere with cellular and metabolic processes leading to severe neurologic diseases. Children, who in their first years of life receive several vaccine doses over a reduced period of time, would be most susceptible to any risk that might be associated with vaccines or vaccine components. The main aim of this paper was to discuss the data presently available regarding Al neurotoxicity and the risk for children receiving vaccines or other pharmaceutical preparations containing Al. Analysis of the literature showed that no apparent reason exists to support the elimination of Al from vaccines for fear of neurotoxicity. The only problem that deserves attention is the suggested relationship between Al oxyhydroxide-containing vaccines and macrophagic myofaciitis or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Currently, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn on these risks and further studies must be conducted. Until then, Al remains the best solution to improve vaccine efficacy.
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5.
Combination and inducible adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensors.
Temizoz, B, Kuroda, E, Ishii, KJ
Current opinion in pharmacology. 2018;:104-113
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Abstract
Innate immune sensing of nucleic acids derived from invading pathogens or tumor cells via pattern recognition receptors is crucial for mounting protective immune responses against infectious disease and cancer. Recently, discovery of tremendous amounts of nucleic acid sensors as well as identification of natural and synthetic ligands for these receptors revealed the potential of adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensing pathways for designing efficacious vaccines. Especially, current data indicated that unique adjuvants targeting TLR9 and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent cytosolic nucleic acid sensing pathways along with the combinations of already existing adjuvants are promising candidates for this purpose. Here, we review current vaccine adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensors and their modes of action.
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6.
The Immunomodulatory Potential of Selected Bioactive Plant-Based Compounds in Breast Cancer: A Review.
Baraya, YS, Wong, KK, Yaacob, NS
Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry. 2017;(6):770-783
Abstract
Breast cancer has continued to cause high cancer death rates among women worldwide. The use of plants' natural products in breast cancer treatment has received more attention in recent years due to their potentially wider safety margin and the potential to complement conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Plantbased products have demonstrated anticancer potential through different biological pathways including modulation of the immune system. Immunomodulatory properties of medicinal plants have been shown to mitigate breast cancer cell growth. Different immune cell types participate in this process especially cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and cytokines including chemokines and tumor necrosis factor-α. Medicinal plants such as Glycyrrhiza glabra, Uncaria tomentosa, Camellia sinensis, Panax ginseng, Prunus armenaica (apricot), Allium sativum, Arctium lappa and Curcuma longa were reported to hold strong potential in breast cancer treatment in various parts of the world. Interestingly, research findings have shown that these plants possess bioactive immunomodulators as their main constituents producing the anticancer effects. These immunomodulatory compounds include ajoene, arctigenin, β-carotene, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ginsan, glabridin and quinic acid. In this review, we discussed the ability of these eight immunomodulators in regulating the immune system potentially applicable in breast cancer treatment via anti-inflammatory (curcumin, arctigenin, glabridin and ajoene) and lymphocytes activation (β-carotene, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quinic acid and ginsan) properties, as well as future research direction in their use for breast cancer treatment.
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7.
Potential of glucans as vaccine adjuvants: A review of the α-glucans case.
Moreno-Mendieta, S, Guillén, D, Hernández-Pando, R, Sánchez, S, Rodríguez-Sanoja, R
Carbohydrate polymers. 2017;:103-114
Abstract
α-Glucans are present in virtually all domains of life, and these glucose chains linked by α-1,4- and α-1,6-linked branches form the most important storage carbohydrates in cells. It is likely for this reason that α-glucans are not generally considered as bioactive molecules as β-glucans are. Nevertheless, it is known that depending on their source, many α-glucans play important roles as modulators of immune response. Recent efforts have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms through which α-glucans exert their immunostimulant effects; however, the main challenge is the accurate identification of the receptors of immune cells involved in their recognition. Here, we review the adjuvant properties reported for some polysaccharides and ultimately focus on α-glucans and how their structural characteristics, such as molecular weight, solubility and derivatization, influence their immunostimulatory properties. As a final point, we discuss the potential and associated challenges of using these polysaccharides as adjuvants, particularly in mucosal vaccination.
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8.
Iron Chelators Dictate Immune Cells Inflammatory Ability: Potential Adjuvant Therapy for IBD.
Chieppa, M, Galleggiante, V, Serino, G, Massaro, M, Santino, A
Current pharmaceutical design. 2017;(16):2289-2298
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of hemoproteins for life lies largely in their iron-mediated chemical properties. In the human body, there are about 4 g of iron, a precious resource preserved by sophisticated recycling mechanisms. Iron is also important for pathogen growth, so it is not surprising that immune cells developed mechanisms to reduce iron availability in cases of inflammation. In healthy conditions, macrophages degrade hemoproteins and export iron, while if inflammation develops, they retain cytoplasmic iron to reduce extracellular iron concentrations. Iron-rich macrophages possess a stronger inflammatory ability, which explains the chronic inflammatory response observed in states of iron overload. Inflammatory bowel syndromes are often characterized by intestinal blood loss and consequent anemia, but iron-supplementation therapies may exacerbate the inflammatory response. In chronically transfused patients iron overload is frequently observed; the iron can become toxic and in excess, even fatal if not treated with iron-chelating drugs. CONCLUSION In the present review, we discuss the importance of iron homeostasis in states of health and inflammation, focusing on iron and iron-chelation treatment for IBD patients. Oral administration of natural ironchelating chemicals may be an effective adjuvant therapy for IBD patients, acting on numerous aspects of chronic inflammatory syndromes.
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9.
Can probiotics enhance vaccine-specific immunity in children and adults?
Kwak, JY, Lamousé-Smith, ESN
Beneficial microbes. 2017;(5):657-670
Abstract
The growing use of probiotics by the general public has heightened the interest in understanding the role of probiotics in promoting health and preventing disease. General practitioners and specialists often receive inquiries from their patients regarding probiotic products and their use to ward off systemic infection or intestinal maladies. Enhanced immune function is among the touted health benefits conferred by probiotics but has not yet been fully established. Results from recent clinical trials in adults suggest a potential role for probiotics in enhancing vaccine-specific immunity. Although almost all vaccinations are given during infancy and childhood, the numbers of and results from studies using probiotics in pediatric subjects are limited. This review evaluates recent clinical trials of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immune responses in adults and infants. We highlight meaningful results and the implications of these findings for designing translational and clinical studies that will evaluate the potential clinical role for probiotics. We conclude that the touted health claims of probiotics for use in children to augment immunity warrant further investigation. In order to achieve this goal, a consensus should be reached on common study designs that apply similar treatment timelines, compare well-characterised probiotic strains and monitor effective responses against different classes of vaccines.
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10.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer and HPV-related diseases.
Skinner, SR, Apter, D, De Carvalho, N, Harper, DM, Konno, R, Paavonen, J, Romanowski, B, Roteli-Martins, C, Burlet, N, Mihalyi, A, et al
Expert review of vaccines. 2016;(3):367-87
Abstract
Vaccines are available against human papillomavirus (HPV), the causal agent of cervical and other cancers. Efficacy data from the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine clinical trial program were reviewed. Six randomized, controlled phase II/III trials evaluating cervical endpoints enrolled women from diverse populations and geographical locations. The program analyzed extensively the cohorts most relevant from a public health perspective: the total vaccinated cohort (TVC), approximating a general population including those with existing or previous HPV infection, and TVC-naïve, approximating a population of young women before sexual debut. Results show that the vaccine reduces HPV-16/18 infection and associated cervical endpoints in women regardless of age, location, or sexual experience. It provides cross-protection against some non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types and types causing genital warts, and may be effective against vulvar, oral, and anal HPV infection. Early epidemiology data following its introduction suggest a decline in the prevalence of vaccine and some non-vaccine HPV types.