0
selected
-
1.
Hyperkalemia with RAAS inhibition: Mechanism, clinical significance, and management.
Hundemer, GL, Sood, MM
Pharmacological research. 2021;:105835
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors are evidence-based treatments for a number of conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and congestive heart failure. Among the most common adverse effects of RAAS inhibitors is hyperkalemia which results from either reduced secretion of aldosterone or increased resistance to aldosterone. Many of the conditions for which RAAS inhibitors are recommended further amplify the risk for hyperkalemia in and of themselves. RAAS inhibitor-related hyperkalemia is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, and death. Yet discontinuation of RAAS inhibitors for patients with chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure is also associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, and death. Therefore, clinicians are often left to struggle with the dilemma of the best management approach to RAAS inhibitor-related hyperkalemia. The ideal solution involves pharmacotherapies that are safe and effective in mitigating hyperkalemia and allow patients to continue to receive the beneficial effects from RAAS inhibitors. In this regard, modern pharmacologic agents such as patiromer and zirconium cyclosilicate are providing a mechanism whereby physicians are better equipped to maintain their patients on RAAS inhibitors.
-
2.
Adjunctive treatments for the management of septic shock - a narrative review of the current evidence.
Donovan, K, Shah, A, Day, J, McKechnie, SR
Anaesthesia. 2021;(9):1245-1258
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Septic shock is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. The cornerstones of management include prompt identification of sepsis, early initiation of antibiotic therapy, adequate fluid resuscitation and organ support. Over the past two decades, there have been considerable improvements in our understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis and the host response, including regulation of inflammation, endothelial disruption and impaired immunity. This has offered opportunities for innovative adjunctive treatments such as vitamin C, corticosteroids and beta-blockers. Some of these approaches have shown promising results in early phase trials in humans, while others, such as corticosteroids, have been tested in large, international, multicentre randomised controlled trials. Contemporary guidelines make a weak recommendation for the use of corticosteroids to reduce mortality in sepsis and septic shock. Vitamin C, despite showing initial promise in observational studies, has so far not been shown to be clinically effective in randomised trials. Beta-blocker therapy may have beneficial cardiac and non-cardiac effects in septic shock, but there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend their use for this condition. The results of ongoing randomised trials are awaited. Crucial to reducing heterogeneity in the trials of new sepsis treatments will be the concept of enrichment, which refers to the purposive selection of patients with clinical and biological characteristics that are likely to be responsive to the intervention being tested.
-
3.
A Review on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions of Adrenergic β-blockers with Clinically Relevant Drugs-An Overview.
Maideen, NMP, Rajkapoor, B, Muthusamy, S, Ramanathan, S, Thangadurai, SA, Sughir, AA
Current drug metabolism. 2021;(9):672-682
Abstract
Adrenergic β-blockers are used to treat many conditions, including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, angina pectoris, migraine, and tremors. The majority of the β-blockers including Propranolol, Metoprolol, Acebutolol, Alprenolol, Betaxolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol and Oxprenolol are metabolised majorly by CYP2D6, and Bisoprolol is primarily metabolised by CYP3A4 enzymes. The drugs inhibiting or inducing them may alter the pharmacokinetics of those β-blockers. The plasma concentrations of Propranolol might be elevated by the concomitant use of drugs, such as SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine), SNRIs (Duloxetine) and Cimetidine, while the plasma concentrations of Metoprolol increased by the concurrent use of SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine), Amiodarone, Celecoxib, Cimetidine, Terbinafine, and Diphenhydramine. β-blockers can also interact pharmacodynamically with drugs, including fluoroquinolones, antidiabetic agents and NSAIDs. In addition, β-blockers may interact with herbs, such as curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, Schisandra chinensis, green tea, guggul, hawthorn, St. John's wort and Yohimbine. This article focuses on clinically relevant drug interactions of β-blockers with commonly prescribed medications. In addition to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the drug interactions, recommendations for clinical practice are highlighted. The prescribers and the pharmacists are needed to be aware of the drugs interacting with β-blockers to prevent possible adverse drug interactions.
-
4.
Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Mortality in Stable Coronary Artery Disease.
Cruz Rodriguez, JB, Alkhateeb, H
Current cardiology reports. 2020;(3):12
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the current clinical evidence behind the use of calcium channel blockers (CCB) and beta-blockers (BB) for the treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and their effect on mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence suggests that BB use as a first line antianginal medication is associated with lower 5-year all-cause mortality only in patients who had MI within a year. This could be driven due to their effects reducing the sympathetic neuro-hormonal activation of more acutely ill patients. The use of CCB as an antianginal therapy, although proven effective in multiple trials both as monotherapy and combined with other agents, has not shown mortality benefit. Both BB and CCB are effective antianginals, and the selection among them depends on the patient clinical presentation and comorbidities. BB are the only ones that have shown survival benefit in SCAD, particularly the first year post-MI.
-
5.
[Treatment of coronary artery disease in renal insufficiency].
Lopau, K, Wanner, C
Der Internist. 2020;(4):362-367
Abstract
The treatment of chronic but stable coronary artery disease is based on the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages G1-2 and stages G3-G5, distinguishing between advanced kidney disease (stages G3-G5) and end-stage kidney disease (G5D) treated by dialysis. In Germany, national guidelines are followed for patients with normal kidney function in addition to the recommendations of Kidney Disease - Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) for CKD patients. These guidelines focus on standard of care and include treatment with aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, and sodium glucose cotransporters for patients with cardiovascular disease. Revascularization strategies follow a more pragmatic approach for the fragile, comorbid, and aging patient population. Younger patients appear to benefit from surgical interventions. Treatment of acute events is currently administered independent of the patient's kidney function, but there is no consensus yet on the best strategy. The focus of our efforts should be, via more controlled studies, to avoid "navigating through the darkness" to reach the end of the tunnel.
-
6.
Managing Hypertension Using Combination Therapy.
Smith, DK, Lennon, RP, Carlsgaard, PB
American family physician. 2020;(6):341-349
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
More than 70% of adults treated for primary hypertension will eventually require at least two antihypertensive agents, either initially as combination therapy or as add-on therapy if monotherapy and lifestyle modifications do not achieve adequate blood pressure control. Four main classes of medications are used in combination therapy for the treatment of hypertension: thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). ACEIs and ARBs should not be used simultaneously. In black patients, at least one agent should be a thiazide diuretic or a calcium channel blocker. Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction should be treated initially with a beta blocker and an ACEI or ARB (or an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor), followed by add-on therapy with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and a diuretic based on volume status. Treatment for patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria should include an ACEI or ARB plus a thiazide diuretic or a calcium channel blocker. Patients with diabetes mellitus should be treated similarly to those without diabetes unless proteinuria is present, in which case combination therapy should include an ACEI or ARB.
-
7.
Medical Management of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients With Advanced Renal Disease.
Hein, AM, Scialla, JJ, Edmonston, D, Cooper, LB, DeVore, AD, Mentz, RJ
JACC. Heart failure. 2019;(5):371-382
Abstract
Large randomized clinical trials (RCT) supporting guidelines for the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have typically excluded patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with concomitant advanced CKD and HFrEF experience poor cardiovascular outcomes and mortality relative to either disease in isolation and have been shown to consistently receive lower rates of HFrEF guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT). This review evaluated recent evidence for the use of GDMT in patients with HFrEF and advanced CKD approaching dialysis from RCTs and observational cohorts. The authors also discuss the limitations and challenges inherent in the evidence for GDMT in this population, and offer guidance to clinicians for proper clinical use and future research directions.
-
8.
Thyrotoxicosis: Diagnosis and Management.
Sharma, A, Stan, MN
Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2019;(6):1048-1064
Abstract
Thyrotoxicosis is the clinical manifestation of excess thyroid hormone action at the tissue level due to inappropriately high circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. Hyperthyroidism, a subset of thyrotoxicosis, refers specifically to excess thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion by the thyroid gland. We performed a review of the literature on these topics utilizing published data in PubMed and MEDLINE. In this review, we discuss the more common etiologies of thyrotoxicosis, focusing on the current approach to diagnosis and management, new trends in those directions, and potential upcoming changes in the field.
-
9.
An Update: Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Colopathy.
Rockey, DC
Clinics in liver disease. 2019;(4):643-658
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Complications of portal hypertension include portal hypertensive gastropathy and colopathy. These disorders may cause chronic or acute gastrointestinal bleeding. The diagnosis is made endoscopically; therefore, there is great variability in their assessment. Portal hypertensive gastropathy can range from a mosaic-like pattern resembling snakeskin mucosa to frankly bleeding petechial lesions. Portal hypertensive colopathy has been less well-described and is variably characterized (erythema, vascular lesions, petechiae). Treatment is challenging and results are inconsistent. Currently, available evidence does not support the use of beta-blockers for primary prevention. Further investigation of the pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of these disorders is needed.
-
10.
Initiation, Continuation, Switching, and Withdrawal of Heart Failure Medical Therapies During Hospitalization.
Bhagat, AA, Greene, SJ, Vaduganathan, M, Fonarow, GC, Butler, J
JACC. Heart failure. 2019;(1):1-12
Abstract
Patients with worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) spend a large proportion of time in the hospital and other health care facilities. The benefits of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in the outpatient setting have been shown in large randomized controlled trials. However, the decision to initiate, continue, switch, or withdraw HFrEF medications in the inpatient setting is often based on multiple factors and subject to significant variability across providers. Based on available data, in well-selected, treatment-naïve patients who are hemodynamically stable and clinically euvolemic after stabilization during hospitalization for HF, elements of GDMT can be safely initiated. Inpatient continuation of GDMT for HFrEF appears safe and well-tolerated in most hemodynamically stable patients. Hospitalization is also a potential time for switching from an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker to sacubitril/valsartan therapy in eligible patients, and is the subject of ongoing study. Therapy withdrawal or need for dose reduction is rarely required, but if needed identifies a particularly at-risk group of patients with progressive HF. If recurrent intolerance to neurohormonal blockers is observed, these patients should be evaluated for advanced HF therapies. There is an enduring need for using the teachable moment of HFrEF hospitalization for optimal initiation, continuation, and switching of GDMT to improve post-discharge patient outcomes and the quality of chronic HFrEF care.