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1.
Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Role of GEMSP.
Ahumada-Pascual, P, Gañán, DG, Montero, YEB, Velasco, A
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(4):376-380
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a high-frequency neurological disorder in young adults. Although there are some genetic and environmental factors that have been related to the onset of the disease, these are still not completely understood and nowadays multiple sclerosis can neither be prevented, nor its symptom effectively treated due to disease heterogeneity. For this reason, the search of prognostic factors and new therapeutic compounds for MS has long aroused among clinicians and researchers. Among these therapeutic compounds, GEMSP, which consists of a mixture of functional constituents as fatty acids, antioxidants, free radical scavengers and amino acids linked individually to poly-L-Lysine (PL), is emerging as a promising drug for MS treatment. Pre-clinical studies using GEMSP have demonstrated that this drug strongly inhibits brain leukocyte infiltration and completely abolishes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, in an open clinical trial in humans treated with GEMSP, in 72% of the cases, a positive evolution of the state of the MS patients treated with GMSP was observed. In this review a biochemical characterization of main constituents of GEMSP, which include fatty acids as oleic acid, linoleic acid or azelaic acid and the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid, will be provided in order to understand their proved therapeutic effects in MS.
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2.
Oxidative stress in hemodialysis: Causative mechanisms, clinical implications, and possible therapeutic interventions.
Liakopoulos, V, Roumeliotis, S, Zarogiannis, S, Eleftheriadis, T, Mertens, PR
Seminars in dialysis. 2019;(1):58-71
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is the result of prooxidant molecules overwhelming the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Hemodialysis (HD) constitutes a state of elevated inflammation and OS, due to loss of antioxidants during dialysis and activation of white blood cells triggering production of reactive oxygen species. Dialysis vintage, dialysis methods, and type and condition of vascular access, biocompatibility of dialyzer membrane and dialysate, iron administration, and anemia all can play a role in aggravating OS, which in turn has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Oral or intravenous administration of antioxidants may detoxify the oxidative molecules and at least in part repair OS-mediated tissue damage. Lifestyle interventions and optimization of a highly biocompatible HD procedure might ameliorate OS development in dialysis.
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3.
The Role of Oxidative Stress, Adhesion Molecules and Antioxidants in Preeclampsia.
Haram, K, Mortensen, JH, Myking, O, Magann, EF, Morrison, JC
Current hypertension reviews. 2019;(2):105-112
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a consequence of reduction in the antioxidant capacity and excessive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS). Oxidative agents, which are overproduced due to ischemic-reperfusion injury in the placenta, may overwhelm the normal antioxidant activity. This imbalance is a key feature in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. A decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity is associated with the synthesis of vasoconstrictive eicosanoids such as F2-isoprostanes and thromboxane, which are known to be upregulated in preeclampsia. Biochemical markers of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde and F2-isoprostane in the placenta, are also increased. Adhesion molecules participate in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia by contributing to a reduced invasion by the trophoblast and increased vascular endothelial damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and GPX play important roles counteracting oxidative stress. Other antioxidant factors participate in the etiology of preeclampsia. Levels of antioxidants such as Lycopene, Coenzyme 10, as well as some vitamins, are reduced in preeclamptic gestations.
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4.
Antioxidant Components of Brassica Vegetables Including Turnip and the Influence of Processing and Storage on their Anti-oxidative Properties.
Gharehbeglou, P, Jafari, SM
Current medicinal chemistry. 2019;(24):4559-4572
Abstract
Brassica vegetables, particularly turnip, contain many natural antioxidants. This review focuses on antioxidant components and the influence of different processing and storage conditions on antioxidant activities of some Brassica vegetables including turnip. Long storage times had an adverse effect on antioxidant value of turnip. Also, the activity of antioxidants in cruciferous vegetables could be influenced by antioxidant breakdown and leaching during cooking. Heat treatment has a major impact on the antioxidant activity of Brassica vegetables and it has been perceived minor antioxidant ability in processed vegetables compared with uncooked samples. Food processing operations in terms of blanching, canning, sterilizing and freezing, in addition to cooking methods perhaps can have a major influence on the yield, chemical structure and bioavailability of antioxidants in Brassica family. Cooking methods such as steaming and microwaving are proper methods for a short time. Consumption of raw or slightly blanched turnip is an appropriate way to maximize its health benefits.
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5.
The Caucasian flora: a still-to-be-discovered rich source of antioxidants.
Sahakyan, N, Petrosyan, M, Koss-Mikołajczyk, I, Bartoszek, A, Sad, TG, Nasim, MJ, Vanidze, M, Kalandia, A, Jacob, C, Trchounian, A
Free radical research. 2019;(sup1):1153-1162
Abstract
Cellular redox homeostasis is a state of balance between the formation of Usually Reactive Oxygen and / or Nitrogen Species (ROS/RNS), endogenous antioxidant defence systems, and exogenous dietary antioxidants. The disturbance of redox homeostasis, by the overproduction of endogenous ROS/RNS, may increase the risk of development of so-called civilisation diseases. The solution seems to be either the increased production of endogenous or consumption of exogenous antioxidants. Plant-borne antioxidants act via different chemical and molecular mechanisms, such as decreasing the level of oxidative damage in cells directly by reacting with ROS/RNS or indirectly - by inhibition of the activity and expression of free radical generating enzymes or by enhancing the activity or expression of intracellular antioxidant defence enzymes. Despite the fact that the Caucasian flora is rich of health promoting edible/medicinal plants, recent studies concerning the biological activity of these plants are very scarce. This review is summarising the state-of-art on the health-promoting potential of plants representing the Caucasian flora, whose antioxidant capacity have been investigated in various in vitro models.
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6.
Oxidative, inflammatory, genetic, and epigenetic biomarkers associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
Aggarwal, T, Wadhwa, R, Thapliyal, N, Sharma, K, Rani, V, Maurya, PK
Journal of cellular physiology. 2019;(3):2067-2082
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammatory and genetic pathways. Epidemiological studies indicate that COPD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Recent research development in COPD focuses on accelerated aging and various oxidative stress biomarkers. It involves the clinical manifestation of the disease process and may also contain biochemical, immunological, physiological, morphological, and genetic aspects that add to the progressiveness of the disease. Herein, we summarize findings that highlight the role of dimensions of COPD in the investigation of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, genetic and epigenetic studies, and pharmacological and dietary antioxidant intervention.
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7.
The role of thiols in antioxidant systems.
Ulrich, K, Jakob, U
Free radical biology & medicine. 2019;:14-27
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Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
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8.
Enhancing Antioxidant Effect against Peroxyl Radical-Induced Oxidation of DNA: Linking with Ferrocene Moiety!
Liu, ZQ
Chemical record (New York, N.Y.). 2019;(12):2385-2397
Abstract
As a major member in the family of reactive oxygen species, peroxyl radical is able to abstract hydrogen atom from 4-position of ribose, leading to the collapse of DNA strand. Thus, inhibiting oxidative stress with exogenous antioxidants acts as a promising strategy to protect the integrity of DNA structure and is thereby suggested to be a pathway against developments of related diseases. Ferrocene as an organometallic scaffold is widely applied in the design of organometallic drugs, and redox of Fe(II)/Fe(III) in ferrocene offers advantage for providing electron to radicals. Presented herein are our ongoing studies on ferrocene-appended antioxidants, including McMurry reaction applied to construct ferrocifen; Aldol condensation used to prepare ferrocenyl curcumin; Povarov reaction employed to prepare ferrocenyl quinoline; Biginelli reaction used to construct ferrocenyl dihydropyrimidine; Groebke reaction used to synthesize ferrocenyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine; and Passerini three-component reaction as well as Ugi four-component reaction applied to synthesize α-acyloxycarboxamide and bisamide, respectively. It is found that ferrocene moiety is able to enhance antioxidative effect of the aforementioned scaffolds even without the aid of phenolic hydroxyl group. The role of ferrocene in enhancing antioxidative effect can be attributable to trapping radicals, decreasing oxidative potential, and increasing the affinity toward DNA strand. Therefore, ferrocene is worthy to be taken into consideration in the design of drugs in relation to DNA oxidation.
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9.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Darchini): A Boon to Medical Science and a Possible Therapy for Stress-Induced Ailments.
Hussain, Z, Khan, JA, Rashid, H
Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression. 2019;(3):263-276
Abstract
Plants have been an imperative source of medicine and drugs for therapy of different ailments in humans from the early history until today. Many phytochemicals present in plants act as antioxidants and are utilized as health-protecting agents. Cinnamon, a widely used spice and folk medicine obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, is an effective therapy for various diseases because of its antioxidant and protective efficacy. In the present review, we investigate the beneficial effects of cinnamon on stress-induced ailments. The data regarding therapeutic effects of cinnamon on stress-induced conditions were systematically collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science databases published in the English language from 2000 until July 2018 with the following terms: cinnamon, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory, and multifaceted plant. The articles reviewed demonstrated that free radicals play a significant role in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress-associated diseases; therefore cinnamon, with its free radical scavenging activity, represents a promising therapeutic option for ameliorating these debilitating conditions. In this context, the use of cinnamon and its derivatives might be a beneficial way to reduce oxidative stress-induced complications. However, more studies are needed at the molecular level to understand the pathophysiology of the clinical conditions observed as a result of oxidative stress.
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10.
The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light-induced oxidative stress.
Nahhas, AF, Abdel-Malek, ZA, Kohli, I, Braunberger, TL, Lim, HW, Hamzavi, IH
Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine. 2019;(6):420-428
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an integral element that influences a variety of biochemical reactions throughout the body and is known to play a notable role in melanogenesis. Exogenous triggers of oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light (VL), lead to pigment formation through somewhat different pathways, but both share a common endpoint-the potential to generate cosmetically undesirable hyperpigmentation. Though organic and inorganic sunscreens are available to protect against the UVR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, coverage is lacking to protect against the VL spectrum. In this manuscript, we review the phases of tanning, pathways of melanogenesis triggered by UVR and VL, and the associated impact of oxidative stress. We also discuss the known intrinsic mechanisms and paracrine regulation of melanocytes that influence their response to UVR. Understanding these mechanisms and their role in UVR-induced hyperpigmentation should potentially lead to identification of useful targets that can be coupled with antioxidant therapy to alleviate this effect.