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1.
Curcumin in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases.
Yang, M, Akbar, U, Mohan, C
Nutrients. 2019;(5)
Abstract
Over recent decades, many clinical trials on curcumin supplementation have been conducted on various autoimmune diseases including osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, and ulcerative colitis patients. This review attempts to summarize the highlights from these clinical trials. The efficacy of curcumin either alone or in conjunction with existing treatment was evaluated. Sixteen clinical trials have been conducted in osteoarthritis, 14 of which yielded significant improvements in multiple disease parameters. Eight trials have been conducted in type 2 diabetes, all yielding significant improvement in clinical or laboratory outcomes. Three trials were in ulcerative colitis, two of which yielded significant improvement in at least one clinical outcome. Additionally, two clinical trials on rheumatoid arthritis, one clinical trial on lupus nephritis, and two clinical trials on multiple sclerosis resulted in inconclusive results. Longer duration, larger cohort size, and multiple dosage arm trials are warranted to establish the long term benefits of curcumin supplementation. Multiple mechanisms of action of curcumin on these diseases have been researched, including the modulation of the eicosanoid pathway towards a more anti-inflammatory pathway, and the modulation of serum lipid levels towards a favorable profile. Overall, curcumin supplementation emerges as an effective therapeutic agent with minimal-to-no side effects, which can be added in conjunction to current standard of care.
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2.
Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Modulation of Human Diseases.
Hart, PH, Norval, M, Byrne, SN, Rhodes, LE
Annual review of pathology. 2019;:55-81
Abstract
This review focuses primarily on the beneficial effects for human health of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR stimulates anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive pathways in skin that modulate psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo; suppresses cutaneous lesions of graft-versus-host disease; and regulates some infection and vaccination outcomes. While polymorphic light eruption and the cutaneous photosensitivity of systemic lupus erythematosus are triggered by UVR, polymorphic light eruption also frequently benefits from UVR-induced immunomodulation. For systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, asthma, schizophrenia, autism, and cardiovascular disease, any positive consequences of UVR exposure are more speculative, but could occur through the actions of UVR-induced regulatory cells and mediators, including 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, interleukin-10, and nitric oxide. Reduced UVR exposure is a risk factor for the development of several inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions, including diseases initiated in early life. This suggests that UVR-induced molecules can regulate cell maturation in developing organs.
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3.
Rheumatologic manifestations in celiac disease: what should we remember?
Dima, A, Jurcut, C, Jinga, M
Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne. 2019;(1):3-5
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4.
[The immunomodulatory role of sodium].
Agócs, RI, Sugár, D, Pap, D, Szabó, AJ
Orvosi hetilap. 2019;(17):646-653
Abstract
High salt intake, which is common in the Western world, is the cause of several lifestyle diseases. Recent investigations shed light on novel extrarenal processes, which play role in the maintenance of sodium balance. In the short term, sodium storage of the skin may serve as a buffer against volume overload arising from the osmotic properties of sodium. Increased tissue sodium concentration may also potentiate immune response against infections. In the long run, however, tissue sodium concentration over a certain limit may initiate pathophysiological processes by provoking inflammatory response. Due to the immune modulating role of sodium, the effector cells of the innate as well as the adaptive immune system are activated, while certain regulator cells of the same systems are repressed, ultimately resulting in a proinflammatory state characterized by the imbalance of the immune system. Experiments applying dietary salt overload/salt depletion imply the role of sodium in the initiation/exacerbation of several diseases. Thus the relationship between sodium and the immune system may give an explanation to the pathomechanism of diseases with so far unknown origin such as hypertonia (primary, salt sensitive) or autoimmune diseases - all these putting tremendous pressure on the healthcare system due to their increasing incidence. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(17): 646-653.
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5.
Fatigue, Sleep, and Autoimmune and Related Disorders.
Zielinski, MR, Systrom, DM, Rose, NR
Frontiers in immunology. 2019;:1827
Abstract
Profound and debilitating fatigue is the most common complaint reported among individuals with autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Fatigue is multi-faceted and broadly defined, which makes understanding the cause of its manifestations especially difficult in conditions with diverse pathology including autoimmune diseases. In general, fatigue is defined by debilitating periods of exhaustion that interfere with normal activities. The severity and duration of fatigue episodes vary, but fatigue can cause difficulty for even simple tasks like climbing stairs or crossing the room. The exact mechanisms of fatigue are not well-understood, perhaps due to its broad definition. Nevertheless, physiological processes known to play a role in fatigue include oxygen/nutrient supply, metabolism, mood, motivation, and sleepiness-all which are affected by inflammation. Additionally, an important contributing element to fatigue is the central nervous system-a region impacted either directly or indirectly in numerous autoimmune and related disorders. This review describes how inflammation and the central nervous system contribute to fatigue and suggests potential mechanisms involved in fatigue that are likely exhibited in autoimmune and related diseases.
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6.
The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with Graves' disease (with or without ophthalmopathy): Review of the literature and report of a large series.
Ferrari, SM, Fallahi, P, Ruffilli, I, Elia, G, Ragusa, F, Benvenga, S, Antonelli, A
Autoimmunity reviews. 2019;(3):287-292
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) are the two main clinical presentations of AITD, and their clinical hallmarks are thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively. GD, and AT, can be associated with other organ specific, or systemic autoimmune diseases in the same patient. However discordant results have been reported in the literature about the possible associations. Here, we review the association of GD and other autoimmune syndromes. Furthermore, we report the results of our prospective study that investigated the prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in 3209 GD patients (984 with Graves' ophthalmopathy), with respect to 1069 healthy controls, or 1069 patients with AT, or 1069 with multinodular goiter (matched by age, gender, coming from the same area, with a similar iodine intake). On the whole, 16.7% of GD patients had another associated autoimmune disease; and the most frequently observed were: vitiligo (2.6%), chronic autoimmune gastritis (2.4%), rheumatoid arthritis (1.9%), polymyalgia rheumatica (1.3%), multiple sclerosis (0.3%), celiac disease (1.1%), diabetes (type 1) (0.9%), systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis (<0.1%), Sjogren disease (0.8%). Moreover, 1.5% patients with GD had three associated autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) had another autoimmmune disorder more frequently (18.9%), with respect to GD patients without GO (15.6%). However the pattern of the associated autoimmune disorders in GD was not significantly different from that observed in AT patients. In conclusion, we suggest GD patients who are still sick, or who develop new unspecific symptoms (even if during an appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism) should be appropriately screened for the presence of other autoimmune disorders.
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7.
Update on the Genetics of Autoinflammatory Disorders.
Jéru, I
Current allergy and asthma reports. 2019;(9):41
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review aims at presenting the most significant data obtained in the field of the genetics of autoinflammatory disorders (AID) over the last past 5 years. RECENT FINDINGS More than 15 genes have been implicated in AID since 2014, unveiling new pathogenic pathways. Recent data have revealed atypical modes of transmission in several inherited AID, such as somatic mosaicism and digenism. First pieces of evidence showing an involvement of epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of AID have also been brought to light. Novel genetic data have been obtained on the molecular bases of genetically complex AID. The development of next-generation sequencing in routine clinical practice has led to an explosion in the identification of new AID genes. Advances in the knowledge of AID further blur the limits between monogenic and multifactorial forms of these syndromes, and between autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
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8.
The Potential Role of Trained Immunity in Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders.
Arts, RJW, Joosten, LAB, Netea, MG
Frontiers in immunology. 2018;:298
Abstract
During induction of trained immunity, monocytes and macrophages undergo a functional and transcriptional reprogramming toward increased activation. Important rewiring of cellular metabolism of the myeloid cells takes place during induction of trained immunity, including a shift toward glycolysis induced through the mTOR pathway, as well as glutaminolysis and cholesterol synthesis. Subsequently, this leads to modulation of the function of epigenetic enzymes, resulting in important changes in chromatin architecture that enables increased gene transcription. However, in addition to the beneficial effects of trained immunity as a host defense mechanism, we hypothesize that trained immunity also plays a deleterious role in the induction and/or maintenance of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases if inappropriately activated.
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9.
Autoimmune Retinopathy.
Tsang, SH, Sharma, T
Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2018;:223-226
Abstract
The autoimmune retinopathies (AIRs) are a group of inflammatory-mediated retinopathies that present with unexplained visual loss (both central and peripheral), visual field defects, usually a ring scotoma, photoreceptor dysfunction as evident on electroretinography (ERG), and circulating autoantibodies against retinal antigens. The fundus may be normal or may show vascular attenuation, retinal atrophy with or without pigmentary changes or waxy pallor of the optic disc, and no or minimal inflammatory cells.
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10.
Myokines, physical activity, insulin resistance and autoimmune diseases.
Díaz, BB, González, DA, Gannar, F, Pérez, MCR, de León, AC
Immunology letters. 2018;:1-5
Abstract
Myokines are peptides produced and released by myocytes of muscle fibers that influence physiology of muscle and other organs and tissues. They are involved in mediating the beneficial effects that exercise has on health. More than one hundred have been identified and among them are IL6, myostatin, irisin, mionectin and decorin. Physical inactivity leads to an altered response of the secretion of myokines and resistance to them; this leads to a pro-inflammatory state that favors sarcopenia and fat accumulation, promoting the development of cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus type 2. Some myokines, including irisin, are responsible for the improvement that exercise produces in many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and many autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease.