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1.
The beneficial and deleterious role of dietary polyphenols on chronic degenerative diseases by regulating gene expression.
Qu, G, Chen, J, Guo, X
Bioscience trends. 2019;(6):526-536
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols, a natural component in many kinds of foods such as fruits and vegetables, play essential roles in a wide range of plant functions. Importantly, the discovery of the functions of polyphenols including anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory has been appealing to researchers' attentions. Dietary polyphenols have shown protective effects on chronic degenerative diseases (CDD) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases by regulating gene expression. Dietary polyphenols also affect the composition and activity of gut microbiota, in reverse, gut microbiota influences the bioavailability and physiological activity of dietary polyphenols. However, not all kinds of dietary polyphenols are beneficial for human health. The potential deleterious effects of several dietary polyphenols have been reported by inducing DNA damage and gene mutants. This review summarizes the potential therapeutic effects of dietary polyphenols on chronic degeneration diseases, the polyphenols-gut microbiota interactions, and the potential dangers of individual dietary polyphenols on human health.
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Consumption of green coffee and the risk of chronic diseases.
Sanlier, N, Atik, A, Atik, I
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;(16):2573-2585
Abstract
Green coffee contains macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, as well as minor components such as caffeine, trigonelin and chlorogenic acid. Phenolics, chlorogenic acids and brown pigments are sources of natural antixodants. High polypehonic materials found in green coffee and especially chlorogenic acid in it have an important place. It is considered that; green coffee has effects on body mass, blood glucose and lipid levels, blood pressure, prevention from cardiovascular diseases which is based on chlorogenic acid consisting antioxidant activity. However, many topics like toxicological effects, doses, amounts, usage in the body, advantages and disadvantages, etc. of these active molecules need to be examined. For these reasons this article was rewieved to evaluate health effects of green coffee.
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3.
Epigenetic Regulation of Metabolism and Inflammation by Calorie Restriction.
Hernández-Saavedra, D, Moody, L, Xu, GB, Chen, H, Pan, YX
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). 2019;(3):520-536
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Abstract
Chronic caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition is known to affect different cellular processes such as stem cell function, cell senescence, inflammation, and metabolism. Despite the differences in the implementation of CR, the reduction of calories produces a widespread beneficial effect in noncommunicable chronic diseases, which can be explained by improvements in immuno-metabolic adaptation. Cellular adaptation that occurs in response to dietary patterns can be explained by alterations in epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA. In this review, we define these modifications and systematically summarize the current evidence related to CR and the epigenome. We then explain the significance of genome-wide epigenetic modifications in the context of disease development. Although substantial evidence exists for the widespread effect of CR on longevity, there is no consensus regarding the epigenetic regulations of the underlying cellular mechanisms that lead to improved health. We provide compelling evidence that CR produces long-lasting epigenetic effects that mediate expression of genes related to immuno-metabolic processes. Epigenetic reprogramming of the underlying chronic low-grade inflammation by CR can lead to immuno-metabolic adaptations that enhance quality of life, extend lifespan, and delay chronic disease onset.
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Bioactive food compounds, epigenetics and chronic disease prevention: Focus on early-life interventions with polyphenols.
Silva, LBAR, Pinheiro-Castro, N, Novaes, GM, Pascoal, GFL, Ong, TP
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2019;:108646
Abstract
Consumption of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, isothiocyanates, sulfur-containing compounds and terpenoids, found in fruits and vegetables, is associated with prevention of chronic disease. These bioactive food compounds elicit their protective effects through complex mechanisms at the cellular and molecular, including epigenetic levels. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, in utero exposure to stressors such as malnutrition through maternal diet would impair fetal development and epigenetically program increased risk of metabolic diseases and some cancers in adult life. In addition, a role for fathers´ diet during preconception on their offspring health and chronic disease susceptibility has also emerged. This highlights early life as a promising window of opportunity for starting dietary interventions focusing on preventing chronic diseases. However, knowledge on the potential beneficial impact of early life exposure to bioactive food compounds is limited. Among the studies that have investigated bioactive food compounds in the context of DOHaD, most have focused on the impact of dietary polyphenols. Thus, in this review we discuss experimental evidence supporting a role for the dietary polyphenols resveratrol, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and anthocyanins in chronic disease prevention considering a perspective from early-life interventions through maternal and paternal diets and focusing on epigenetics as a potential underlying mechanism.
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Malnutrition in Children With Chronic Disease.
Larson-Nath, C, Goday, P
Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2019;(3):349-358
Abstract
Malnutrition occurs when nutrient intake does not meet the needs for normal body functions and as a consequence leads to alterations of growth and development in children. Chronic illness puts children at risk for developing malnutrition. Because of children's rapid periods of growth and development, early diagnosis, prevention, and management of malnutrition are paramount. The reasons for malnutrition in children with chronic disease are multifactorial and are related to the underlying disease and non-illness-associated factors. This review addresses the causes, evaluation, and management of malnutrition in pediatric congenital heart disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and cystic fibrosis.
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Empowering the Aging with Mobile Health: A mHealth Framework for Supporting Sustainable Healthy Lifestyle Behavior.
Faiola, A, Papautsky, EL, Isola, M
Current problems in cardiology. 2019;(8):232-266
Abstract
Healthcare providers are shifting to a value-based model that acknowledges the importance of a healthy lifestyle for managing chronic disease and mental health. This approach empowers patients to adopt and/or sustain healthy lifestyle choices through the use of innovative technologies-providing beneficial ways of delivering health literacy, self-monitoring, and patient-provider collaboration. Such pathways have the potential to enable healthy lifestyle management for a growing U.S. cohort-the "baby boomer" generation (BBG)-who are at risk for developing heart disease, stroke, arthritis, high cholesterol, and diabetes, etc. In this paper, we argue for a new mHealthy lifestyle management (MLM) model that uses mobile health technology as a means to engage BBG consumers in ways that establish their role in self-care and decision-making, as well as patient-provider collaboration that can significantly impact sustainable healthy lifestyle behaviors. By merging the domains of health informatics and human factors psychology, MLM addresses the complex challenges associated with patient-provider collaborative work, while offering a healthcare framework to BBGs in their quest to self-manage a physical and/or mental healthy lifestyle. A MLM use-case highlights the challenges and solutions for team-based clinical counseling. Finally, recommendations for future MLM tools are outlined that support patient access to personal health eTools, information, and services.
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Vitamin D Deficiency in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Exploring the Triad of Genetic Predisposition, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System.
Singh, P, Kumar, M, Al Khodor, S
Frontiers in immunology. 2019;:1042
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat soluble secosteroid that is primarily synthesized in the skin upon exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) sun rays. Vitamin D is essential for the growth and development of bones and helps in reducing inflammation by strengthening muscles and the immune system. Despite the endless supply of sunlight in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which includes United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Oman, Vitamin D deficiency in the (GCC) general population at various age groups remains alarmingly high. In parallel runs the increasing prevalence of acute and chronic illnesses including, autoimmune diseases, cancer, type 1 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and Inflammatory bowel disease in the adult as well as the pediatric population of these countries. The exact association between Vitamin D deficiency and chronic disease conditions remains unclear; however, studies have focused on the mechanism of Vitamin D regulation by assessing the role of the Vitamin D associated genes/proteins such as VDR (Vitamin D receptor), VDBP (Vitamin D Binding protein), CYP27B1 as these are integral parts of the Vitamin D signaling pathway. VDR is known to regulate the expression of more than 200 genes across a wide array of tissues in the human body and may play a role in controlling the Vitamin D levels. Moreover, reduced Vitamin D level and downregulation of VDR have been linked to gut dysbiosis, highlighting an intriguing role for the gut microbiome in the Vitamin D metabolism. However, this role is not fully described yet. In this review, we aim to expand our understanding of the causes of Vitamin D deficiency in the GCC countries and explore the potential relationship between the genetic predisposition, Vitamin D levels, immune system and the gut microbiome composition. Trying to unravel this complex interaction may aid in understanding the mechanism by which Vitamin D contributes to various disease conditions and will pave the way toward new therapeutics treatments for Vitamin D deficiency and its associated outcomes.
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Chronic inflammatory liver diseases and coffee intake.
Contaldo, F, Santarpia, L, Pasanisi, F
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2019;(5):389-392
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the healthy protective effects of coffee against several metabolic diseases and some types of cancer. In this short review, the possible preventive and/or therapeutic actions of coffee on liver function is focused. RECENT FINDINGS The protective mechanisms of coffee are various and because of several components with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in addition to caffeine.As a matter of the fact, polyphenols in decaffeinated coffee have a similar effect on liver fibrosis and on serum levels of liver enzymes as those in caffeinated coffee.Furthermore, diterpenes may exert a detoxifying action and antioxidant activity, with benefits on liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer. SUMMARY A regular coffee consumption may have preventive healthy effects, especially if consumed without added sugars. Certainly, coffee consumption should not be prohibited in individuals with chronic inflammatory liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Healthy Diet and Reduction of Chronic Disease Risks of Night Shift Workers.
Ferri, GM, Cavone, D, Intranuovo, G, Macinagrossa, L
Current medicinal chemistry. 2019;(19):3521-3541
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large increase in epidemiological studies on night shift work is due to the important effects of night shift work on workers' health and psychophysical wellbeing. The short-term effects-insomnia, difficulties in managing work and private life, lower work performance, and more work and extra-work accidents-are easily studied. However, there are several long-term effects that are difficult to study because of the need for detailed exposure assessment and the long latency periods of these diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim was to collect epidemiologic evidence of diseases in night shift workers, describing their biological pathways and a set of dietary guidelines. METHODS This is a review on diet and health effects in night shift workers. RESULTS Significant increases in the rate ratios and hazard ratios of different diseases were associated with modified eating behaviours and poor eating habits among night shift workers. Night shift work is a risk factor for disruption of the circadian rhythms and for some genetic deregulation because it produces the inversion of the sleep/wake cycle and modifies the alternation between activity and rest. CONCLUSION A healthy diet and improved dietary practices, together with other factors, can reduce shift workers' chronic disease risk. The literature showed the importance of eating behaviour in order to prevent diseases in these workers; therefore, educational programmes are necessary to encourage several important lifestyle changes. The target of our future research will be the role of food components in some dietetic habits for the prevention of disease in night shift workers.
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Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span.
Furman, D, Campisi, J, Verdin, E, Carrera-Bastos, P, Targ, S, Franceschi, C, Ferrucci, L, Gilroy, DW, Fasano, A, Miller, GW, et al
Nature medicine. 2019;(12):1822-1832
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Abstract
Although intermittent increases in inflammation are critical for survival during physical injury and infection, recent research has revealed that certain social, environmental and lifestyle factors can promote systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) that can, in turn, lead to several diseases that collectively represent the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present Perspective we describe the multi-level mechanisms underlying SCI and several risk factors that promote this health-damaging phenotype, including infections, physical inactivity, poor diet, environmental and industrial toxicants and psychological stress. Furthermore, we suggest potential strategies for advancing the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of SCI.