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L-Cysteine Containing Vitamin Supplement Which Prevents or Alleviates Alcohol-related Hangover Symptoms: Nausea, Headache, Stress and Anxiety.
Eriksson, CJP, Metsälä, M, Möykkynen, T, Mäkisalo, H, Kärkkäinen, O, Palmén, M, Salminen, JE, Kauhanen, J
Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2020;(6):660-666
Abstract
AIMS: Alcohol-related hangover symptoms: nausea, headache, stress and anxiety cause globally considerable amount of health problems and economic losses. Many of these harmful effects are produced by alcohol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, which also is a common ingredient in alcohol beverages. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of the amino acid L-cysteine on the alcohol/acetaldehyde related aftereffects. METHODS Voluntary healthy participants were recruited through advertisements. Volunteers had to have experience of hangover and/or headache. The hangover study was randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled. Nineteen males randomly swallowed placebo and L-cysteine tablets. The alcohol dose was 1.5 g/kg, which was consumed during 3 h. RESULTS The primary results based on correlational analysis showed that L-cysteine prevents or alleviates hangover, nausea, headache, stress and anxiety. For hangover, nausea and headache the results were apparent with the L-cysteine dose of 1200 mg and for stress and anxiety already with the dose of 600 mg. CONCLUSIONS L-cysteine would reduce the need of drinking the next day with no or less hangover symptoms: nausea, headache, stress and anxiety. Altogether, these effects of L-cysteine are unique and seem to have a future in preventing or alleviating these harmful symptoms as well as reducing the risk of alcohol addiction.
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Effect of High-Dose Cysteine Supplementation on Erythrocyte Glutathione: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study in Critically Ill Neonates.
Calkins, KL, Sanchez, LA, Tseng, CH, Faull, KF, Yoon, AJ, Ryan, CM, Le, T, Shew, SB
JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition. 2016;(2):226-34
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BACKGROUND This study's objective was to determine if parenteral cysteine when compared with isonitrogenous noncysteine supplementation increases erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) in neonates at high risk for inflammatory injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS Neonates with a score for neonatal acute physiology >10 requiring mechanical ventilation and parenteral nutrition (PN) were randomized in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to receive parenteral cysteine-HCl (CYS group) or additional PN amino acids (ISO group) at 121 mg/kg/d for ≥7 days. A 6-hour [(13)C2] glycine IV infusion was administered at study week 1 to determine the fractional synthetic rate of GSH (FSR-GSH). RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar between the CYS (n = 17) and ISO groups (n = 21). Erythrocyte GSH and total glutathione concentrations, GSH:oxidized GSH (GSSG), and FSR-GSH after treatment were not different between groups. However, the CYS group had a larger individual positive change in GSH and total glutathione (infusion day - baseline) compared with the ISO group (P = .02 for each). After adjusting for treatment, a lower enrollment weight and rate of red blood cell transfusion were associated with a decreased change in total glutathione and GSH (P < .05 for each). CONCLUSION When compared with isonitrogenous noncysteine supplementation, high-dose cysteine supplementation for at least 1 week in critically ill neonates resulted in a larger and more positive individual change in GSH. Smaller infants and those who received transfused blood demonstrated less effective change in GSH with cysteine supplementation. The benefit of cysteine remains promising and deserves further investigation.
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Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocal®) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study.
Karelis, AD, Messier, V, Suppère, C, Briand, P, Rabasa-Lhoret, R
The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 2015;(5):531-6
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OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a cysteine-rich whey protein (Immunocal®) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass (LBM) in elderly individuals. We hypothesized that the cysteine-rich whey protein (Immunocal®) group would experience a greater increase in muscle strength and lean body mass versus the control group (casein). DESIGN Randomized double-blind controlled intervention study. SETTING Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal in Montreal, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-nine non-frail elderly subjects were recruited. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group received a cysteine-rich whey protein isolate (Immunocal®) (20 g/day) and the control group received casein (20 g/day) during a 135-day period. In addition, both groups performed the same resistance training program (3 times per week). MEASUREMENTS Body composition (DXA) and muscle strength (leg press) were measured. RESULTS Of the 99 recruited participants, 84 completed the 135-day study period. Of these, 67 subjects (33 in the casein group and 34 in the Immunocal® group) complied and used at least 80 % of the study product and completed at least 80 % of their training sessions. Results in this selected group show an increase in all three muscle strength variables (absolute, normalized by BW and by LBM) by 31.0 %, 30.9 % and 30.0 %, respectively in the casein group as well as 39.3 %, 39.9 % and 43.3 %, respectively in the Immunocal® group after the intervention (p < 0.05). The increases in muscle strength favored Immunocal® versus casein by approximately 10 % when expressed in kg per kg BW and in kg per kg LBM (p < 0.05). No significant changes were found between pre-and-post intervention in both groups for total LBM. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed increases in muscle strength in both groups after resistance training, however, significant additional increases were observed in muscle strength with the addition of a cysteine-rich whey protein (Immunocal®) versus casein.
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Acute pantothenic acid and cysteine supplementation does not affect muscle coenzyme A content, fuel selection, or exercise performance in healthy humans.
Wall, BT, Stephens, FB, Marimuthu, K, Constantin-Teodosiu, D, Macdonald, IA, Greenhaff, PL
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2012;(2):272-8
Abstract
Reduced skeletal muscle free coenzyme A (CoASH) availability may decrease the contribution of fat oxidation to ATP production during high-intensity, submaximal exercise or, alternatively, limit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) flux and thereby carbohydrate oxidation. Here we attempted to increase the muscle CoASH pool in humans, via pantothenic acid and cysteine feeding, in order to elucidate the role of CoASH availability on muscle fuel metabolism during exercise. On three occasions, eight healthy male volunteers (age 22.9 ± 1.4 yr, body mass index 24.2 ± 1.5 kg/m(2)) cycled at 75% maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)) to exhaustion, followed by a 15-min work output performance test. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, and after 60 min and 91.3 ± 3.1 min of exercise (time to exhaustion on baseline visit) on each occasion. Two weeks following the first visit (baseline), 1 wk of oral supplementation with either 3 g/day of a placebo control (glucose polymer; CON) or 1.5 g/day each of d-pantothenic acid and l-cysteine (CP) was carried out prior to the second and third visits in a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind manner, leaving a 3-wk gap in total between each visit. Resting muscle CoASH content was not altered by supplementation in any visit. Following 60 min of exercise, muscle CoASH content was reduced by 13% from rest in all three visits (P < 0.05), and similar changes in the respiratory exchange ratio, glycogenolysis (∼235 mmol/kg dry muscle), PCr degradation (∼57 mmol/kg dry muscle), and lactate (∼25 mmol/kg dry muscle) and acetylcarnitine (∼12 mmol(.)kg/dry muscle) accumulation was observed during exercise when comparing visits. Furthermore, no difference in work output was observed when comparing CON and CP. Acute feeding with pantothenic acid and cysteine does not alter muscle CoASH content and consequently does not impact on muscle fuel metabolism or performance during exercise in humans.
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Cysteine: a potential biomarker for obstructive sleep apnea.
Cintra, F, Tufik, S, D'Almeida, V, Calegare, BFA, de Paola, A, Oliveira, W, Rizzi, C, Roizenblatt, S, Poyares, D
Chest. 2011;(2):246-252
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for a number of cardiovascular conditions. Although homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteine (Cys) are regarded as cardiovascular risk factors, few studies have analyzed Hcy and Cys plasma concentrations in patients with OSA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Hcy and Cys in OSA in comparison with subjects without OSA and to determine the possible influence of obesity on these variables. METHODS Patients who submitted to polysomnography studies were recruited to engage in an 8-h fasting period for blood sample withdrawal, physical examination, ECG, and echocardiogram. A subgroup of lean patients with OSA (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)) were analyzed to rule out the influence of obesity. Fifteen patients were randomly assigned to participate in a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) protocol to assess the influence of OSA treatment on the obtained measurements. RESULTS A total of 75 patients and 75 control subjects matched for age and sex were analyzed. The Cys plasma levels were higher in patients with OSA compared with control subjects (490.16 ± 67.00 μmol/L vs 439.81 ± 76.12 μmol/L, respectively, P < .01); however, the Hcy plasma levels did not differ between groups. Cys plasma levels were also higher in the OSA lean subgroup when compared with lean control subjects (484.21 ± 71.99 μmol/L vs 412.01 ± 70.73 μmol/L, respectively, P = .009). There was a significant decrease of Cys plasma levels after 6 months of CPAP effective therapy. CONCLUSION Cys is a potential biomarker of OSA in obese and nonobese patients and is reduced after effective OSA treatment.
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Cysteinyl leukotriene antagonism inhibits bronchoconstriction in response to hypertonic saline inhalation in asthma.
Kazani, S, Sadeh, J, Bunga, S, Wechsler, ME, Israel, E
Respiratory medicine. 2011;(5):667-73
Abstract
BACKGROUND In asthma, cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) play varying roles in the bronchomotor response to multiple provocative stimuli. The contribution of CysLTs on the airway's response to hypertonic saline (HS) inhalation in asthma is unknown. Whether polymorphisms in the leukotriene biosynthetic pathway affect the contribution of CysLTs to this response is also unknown. METHODS In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study, mild and moderate asymptomatic asthmatics underwent inhaled 3% HS challenge by doubling the duration of nebulization (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 min) 2 h after one dose of montelukast (a CysLT receptor 1 [CysLTR1] antagonist) or placebo, and after three-week courses. We examined the effect of the leukotriene C(4) synthase (LTC(4)S) polymorphism (A-444C) on the efficacy of montelukast against HS inhalation in an exploratory manner. RESULTS In 37 subjects, 2 h after administration of montelukast, the mean provocative dose of HS required to cause a 20% drop in FEV(1) (HS-PD(20)) increased by 59% (9.17 ml after placebo vs. 14.55 ml after montelukast, p=0.0154). Three weeks of cysLTR1 antagonism increased the HS-PD(20) by 84% (10.97 vs. 20.21 ml, p=0.0002). Three weeks of CysLTR1 antagonism appeared to produce greater effects on blocking bronchial hyper-responsiveness (2 h vs. three-week HS-PD(20) values 14.55 vs. 20.21 ml respectively, p=0.0898). We did not observe an effect of the LTC(4)S polymorphism on the response to CysLTR1 antagonism in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of HS-induced bronchoconstriction is mediated by release of leukotrienes as evidenced by substantial acute inhibition with a CysLTR1 antagonist. There was a trend toward greater inhibition of bronchial responsiveness with three weeks of therapy as opposed to acute CysLTR1 antagonism. Clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT00116324.
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Effect of bariatric surgery on sulphur amino acids and glutamate.
Aasheim, ET, Elshorbagy, AK, Diep, LM, Søvik, TT, Mala, T, Valdivia-Garcia, M, Olbers, T, Bøhmer, T, Birkeland, KI, Refsum, H
The British journal of nutrition. 2011;(3):432-40
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Plasma total cysteine (tCys) concentrations are associated with BMI. To study the relationship between tCys and BMI, we monitored the changes in serum concentrations of tCys and metabolically related compounds in sixty obese patients (BMI 50-60 kg/m(2)) from before to 1 year after either gastric bypass surgery (mean 30 % weight loss) or duodenal switch surgery (mean 41 % weight loss). A total of fifty-eight healthy persons (BMI 17-31 kg/m(2)) served as controls. Before surgery, obese patients had modestly (approximately 17 %) higher mean serum tCys, and markedly (>2-fold) higher glutamate concentrations, than controls (P ≤ 0·001 for both). Serial examinations after surgery revealed that gastric bypass patients had no change in tCys concentrations (P = 0·22), while duodenal switch patients showed a modest (approximately 12 %) but significant decrease in tCys (P < 0·001). Total homocysteine concentrations increased in duodenal switch patients but not in gastric bypass patients. Independent of surgery type, serum concentrations of methionine and cystathionine decreased (P < 0·05 for both), while serum glutathione and taurine remained stable. Glutamate concentrations declined, as did γ-glutamyltransferase activity (P < 0·001 for both). These results show that despite 30 % weight loss, and decreases in methionine, cystathionine and glutamate, there was no significant change in serum tCys in patients after gastric bypass surgery. The decrease in tCys in patients undergoing duodenal switch could be related to malabsorption. The present findings do not suggest that BMI is a causal determinant of plasma tCys.
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Oxidation of plasma cysteine/cystine and GSH/GSSG redox potentials by acetaminophen and sulfur amino acid insufficiency in humans.
Mannery, YO, Ziegler, TR, Park, Y, Jones, DP
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2010;(3):939-47
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Variations in plasma sulfur amino acid (SAA) pools are associated with disease risks, but little information is available about the factors affecting plasma SAA pools. Drug metabolism by glutathione (GSH) and sulfate conjugation can, in principle, represent a quantitatively important burden on SAA supply. The present study was designed to determine whether therapeutic doses of acetaminophen (APAP) alter SAA metabolism in healthy human adults. A double-blind, crossover design incorporating four treatment periods with diets providing 100% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for SAA without or with APAP (15 mg/kg) and 0% RDA for SAA without or with APAP, in randomized order. After a 3-day equilibration period, chemically defined diets with 100 or 0% RDA for SAA were given for 2 complete days. On day 3, APAP or placebo was given in two successive doses (6-h interval), and timed plasma samples were collected. With SAA intake at 100% RDA, APAP administration oxidized the plasma cysteine/cystine redox potential (E(h)CySS) but not the plasma GSH/GSSG redox potential (E(h)GSSG). The extent of oxidation caused by APAP was similar to that seen with 0% SAA and no APAP. However, APAP administration with 0% SAA did not cause further oxidation beyond APAP or 0% SAA alone. In contrast, an oxidation of the plasma E(h)GSSG was apparent for SAA insufficiency only with APAP. The results suggest a need to evaluate possible effects of APAP in association with SAA insufficiency as a contributing factor in disease risk.
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High-dose cysteine administration does not increase synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione preterm infants.
te Braake, FW, Schierbeek, H, Vermes, A, Huijmans, JG, van Goudoever, JB
Pediatrics. 2009;(5):e978-84
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate whether administration of additional cysteine is safe and stimulates glutathione synthesis in preterm infants in early life. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, clinical trial with infants with birth weights of <1500 g (N = 20). The infants were assigned randomly to receive either a standard dose (45 mg/kg per day) or a high dose (81 mg/kg per day) of cysteine. Intakes of other amino acids were similar, providing a total protein intake of 2.4 g/kg per day in both groups. We recorded base requirements in the first 6 days of life. On postnatal day 2, we conducted a stable isotope study to determine glutathione concentrations and synthesis rates in erythrocytes. RESULTS Base requirements were higher in the high-dose cysteine group on days 3, 4, and 5. Despite an 80% increase in cysteine intake, plasma cystine concentrations did not increase. Glutathione concentrations and synthesis rates did not increase with additional cysteine administration. CONCLUSIONS Administration of a high dose of cysteine (81 mg/kg per day) to preterm infants seems clinically safe but does not stimulate glutathione synthesis, compared with a lower dose (45 mg/kg per day). Further research is required to determine whether there is significant benefit associated with cysteine supplementation.
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Cyst(e)ine requirements in enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants.
Riedijk, MA, Voortman, G, van Beek, RH, Baartmans, MG, Wafelman, LS, van Goudoever, JB
Pediatrics. 2008;(3):e561-7
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optimal nutrition is of utmost importance for the preterm infant's later health and developmental outcome. Amino acid requirements for preterm infants differ from those for term and older infants, because growth rates differ. Some nonessential amino acids, however, cannot be sufficiently synthesized endogenously. Cyst(e)ine is supposed to be such a conditionally essential amino acid in preterm infants. The objective of this study was to determine, at 32 and 35 weeks' postmenstrual age, cyst(e)ine requirements in fully enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants with gestational ages of <29 weeks. METHODS Infants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 graded cystine test diets that contained generous amounts of methionine. Cyst(e)ine requirement was determined with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique ([1-(13)C]phenylalanine) after 24-hour adaptation. RESULTS Fractional [1-(13)C]phenylalanine oxidation was established in 47 very low birth weight preterm infants (mean gestational age: 28 weeks +/- 1 week SD; birth weight: 1.07 kg +/- 0.21 kg SD). Increase in dietary cyst(e)ine intake did not result in a decrease in fractional [1-(13)C]phenylalanine oxidation. CONCLUSIONS These data do not support the hypothesis that endogenous cyst(e)ine synthesis is limited in very low birth weight preterm infants with gestational ages of <29 weeks, both at 32 and 35 weeks postmenstrual age. It is safe to conclude that cyst(e)ine requirement is <18 mg/kg per day in enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants who are older than 32 weeks' postmenstrual age and whose methionine intake is adequate. Therefore, cyst(e)ine is probably not a conditionally essential amino acid in these infants.