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1.
Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration.
Leeming, ER, Johnson, AJ, Spector, TD, Le Roy, CI
Nutrients. 2019;(12)
Abstract
The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.
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The year in cardiology 2018: prevention.
Reiner, Ž, Laufs, U, Cosentino, F, Landmesser, U
European heart journal. 2019;(4):336-344
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Contemporary Lifestyle Modification Interventions to Improve Metabolic Comorbidities in HIV.
Fitch, KV
Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2019;(6):482-491
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic comorbidities including diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of which are traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors that are highly prevalent in people with HIV (PWH). Bone disease including osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures is also prevalent in PWH. These comorbidities may be prevented and treated in part with lifestyle modification, including changes to dietary and physical habits. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature that characterizes current lifestyle habits in PWH as well as the effectiveness of lifestyle strategies to improve metabolic comorbidities prevalent in PWH. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have expanded our knowledge regarding the current lifestyle habits of PWH as well as the potential for lifestyle modification to prevent or improve comorbidities prevalent in PWH. Clinical trials focusing on lifestyle modification have shown some benefit of such interventions on traditional risk factors for comorbidities; however, significant heterogeneity exists between studies and results are not consistent. Further clinical trials are needed including developing lifestyle strategies that are feasible, effective, and sustainable to prevent and decrease prevalence of comorbidities in this population.
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4.
Prevention of food allergy: Beyond peanut.
Bird, JA, Parrish, C, Patel, K, Shih, JA, Vickery, BP
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2019;(2):545-547
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Osteosarcopenic Obesity: Current Knowledge, Revised Identification Criteria and Treatment Principles.
Kelly, OJ, Gilman, JC, Boschiero, D, Ilich, JZ
Nutrients. 2019;(4)
Abstract
Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) syndrome describes the simultaneous deterioration of bone, muscle and excess fat, resulting in reduced functionality and systemic metabolic dysregulation. The key component contributing to this may be ectopic fat in the viscera, bone and muscle. OSO research to date is summarized, and the revised criteria for its identification for research purposes are reviewed and proposed, including new criteria to assess visceral fat in males and females. Finally, nutritional and physical activity recommendations are consolidated into a treatment algorithm, which can be validated in future studies and which may also be applied to preventative management.
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Diet and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: beyond weight loss and exercise.
Palacios, OM, Kramer, M, Maki, KC
Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism. 2019;(1):1-12
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction are core pathophysiologic features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Select lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, including weight loss, physical activity, a Mediterranean diet intervention, and hypoglycemic agents, have been shown to prevent or delay T2DM. However, dietary factors other than weight loss may also impact risk, mainly through effects to enhance insulin sensitivity, although some may also directly or indirectly impact pancreatic beta-cell function. AREAS COVERED A literature review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted, and the research indicates dietary factors showing promise for reducing T2DM risk include higher intakes of cereal fibers, unsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, and polyphenols (e.g. anthocyanins), while reducing dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and high-sugar beverages. EXPERT COMMENTARY While these dietary factors are mainly supported by evidence from observational studies and RCTs of surrogate markers for T2DM, they are consistent with current recommendations to emphasize consumption of whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, seafood, fruits, and vegetables, while limiting intakes of saturated fatty acids, refined carbohydrates, and processed meats. Additional dietary intervention RCTs are needed to assess the efficacy of these promising dietary interventions for delaying or preventing the onset of T2DM.
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7.
Genetic background, epigenetic factors and dietary interventions which influence human longevity.
Costa, D, Scognamiglio, M, Fiorito, C, Benincasa, G, Napoli, C
Biogerontology. 2019;(5):605-626
Abstract
Longevity is mainly conditioned by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Different genetic modifications seem to be positively associated to longevity, including SNPs in SIRT1, APOE, FOXO3A, ACE, ATM, NOS1 and NOS2 gene. Epigenetic changes as DNA hyper- and hypo-methylation influence significantly human longevity by activating/deactivating different genes involved in physiological mechanisms. Several studies have confirmed that centenarians have a lower DNA methylation content compared to young subjects, which showed more homogeneously methylated DNA region. Also the up-regulation of miR-21 seems to be more associated with longevity in different populations of long-lived subjects, suggesting its role as potential epigenetic biomarkers. A non-pharmacological treatment that seems to contrast age-related diseases and promote longevity is represented by dietary intervention. It has been evaluated the effects of dietary restriction of both single nutrients or total calories to extend lifespan. However, in daily practice it is very difficult to guarantee adherence/compliance of the subjects to dietary restriction and at the same time avoid dangerous nutritional deficiencies. As consequence, the attention has focused on a variety of substances both drugs and natural compounds able to mime the beneficial effects of caloric restriction, including resveratrol, quercetin, rapamycin, metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose.
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[Diabetic kidney disease (Update 2019) : Position paper of the Austrian Diabetes Association and the Austrian Society for Nephrology].
Sourij, H, Edlinger, R, Prischl, FC, Auinger, M, Kaser, S, Horn, S, Paulweber, B, Kautzky-Willer, A, Säemann, M, Prager, R, et al
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2019;(Suppl 1):151-163
Abstract
Recent epidemiological investigations have shown that approximately 2-3% of all Austrians suffer from diabetes with renal involvement, i. e. 250,000 people in Austria are affected. The risk of occurrence and progression of this disease can be ameliorated by life style interventions as well as optimization of blood pressure, blood glucose levels and special drug classes. The present article represents the joint recommendations of the Austrian Diabetes Association and the Austrian Society for Nephrology for the diagnostics and treatment strategies of diabetic kidney disease.
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9.
Dietary interventions to prevent and manage diabetes in worksite settings: a meta-analysis.
Shrestha, A, Karmacharya, BM, Khudyakov, P, Weber, MB, Spiegelman, D
Journal of occupational health. 2018;(1):31-45
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The translation of lifestyle intervention to improve glucose tolerance into the workplace has been rare. The objective of this meta-analysis is to summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of dietary interventions in worksite settings on lowering blood sugar levels. METHODS We searched for studies in PubMed, Embase, Econlit, Ovid, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Search terms were as follows: (1) Exposure-based: nutrition/diet/dietary intervention/health promotion/primary prevention/health behavior/health education/food /program evaluation; (2) Outcome-based: diabetes/hyperglycemia/glucose/HbA1c/glycated hemoglobin; and (3) Setting-based: workplace/worksite/occupational/industry/job/employee. We manually searched review articles and reference lists of articles identified from 1969 to December 2016. We tested for between-studies heterogeneity and calculated the pooled effect sizes for changes in HbA1c (%) and fasting glucose (mg/dl) using random effect models for meta-analysis in 2016. RESULTS A total of 17 articles out of 1663 initially selected articles were included in the meta-analysis. With a random-effects model, worksite dietary interventions led to a pooled -0.18% (95% CI, -0.29 to -0.06; P<0.001) difference in HbA1c. With the random-effects model, the interventions resulted in 2.60 mg/dl lower fasting glucose with borderline significance (95% CI: -5.27 to 0.08, P=0.06). In the multivariate meta-regression model, the interventions with high percent of female participants and that used the intervention directly delivered to individuals, rather the environment changes, were associated with more effective interventions. CONCLUSION Workplace dietary interventions can improve HbA1c. The effects were larger for the interventions with greater number of female participants and with individual-level interventions.
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Dietary interventions in the treatment of metabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular disease risk-inducing factor. A review.
Mandecka, A, Regulska-Ilow, B
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2018;(3):227-233
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a concept which refers to a simultaneous occurrence of clinically significant cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes as well as their vascular complications. The metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder, therefore its treatment should be multifactorial and intensive. MetS occurs due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Each of MetS components is a well-known risk factor of atherosclerosis. Such modifications to the lifestyle as increasing physical activity, introducing a well-balanced diet and reducing the body mass are associated with reduced occurrence of MetS and its individual components. It is necessary to implement proper dietary processes, a physical training program and pharmacological treatment. The treatment of MetS should begin with weight loss, which affects the occurrence of abdominal obesity, as well as increased physical activity, leading to an increased tissue sensitivity to insulin. It is recommended to introduce a low-energy, individually balanced diet that will lead to a 7-10% weight loss over the course of 6-12 months. Patients are also advised to quit smoking and limit the consumption of salt and alcohol.