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1.
Role of Fibre in Nutritional Management of Pancreatic Diseases.
Ribichini, E, Stigliano, S, Rossi, S, Zaccari, P, Sacchi, MC, Bruno, G, Badiali, D, Severi, C
Nutrients. 2019;(9)
Abstract
The role of fibre intake in the management of patients with pancreatic disease is still controversial. In acute pancreatitis, a prebiotic enriched diet is associated with low rates of pancreatic necrosis infection, hospital stay, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiorgan failure. This protective effect seems to be connected with the ability of fibre to stabilise the disturbed intestinal barrier homeostasis and to reduce the infection rate. On the other hand, in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, a high content fibre diet is associated with an increased wet fecal weight and fecal fat excretion because of the fibre inhibition of pancreatic enzymes. The mechanism by which dietary fibre reduces the pancreatic enzyme activity is still not clear. It seems likely that pancreatic enzymes are absorbed on the fibre surface or entrapped in pectin, a gel-like substance, and are likely inactivated by anti-nutrient compounds present in some foods. The aim of the present review is to highlight the current knowledge on the role of fibre in the nutritional management of patients with pancreatic disorders.
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2.
The association between dietary fibre deficiency and high-income lifestyle-associated diseases: Burkitt's hypothesis revisited.
O'Keefe, SJ
The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2019;(12):984-996
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Abstract
In 1969, Denis Burkitt published an article titled "Related disease-related cause?", which became the foundation for Burkitt's hypothesis. Working in Uganda, he noted that middle-aged people (40-60 years old) had a much lower incidence of diseases that were common in similarly aged people living in England, including colon cancer, diverticulitis, appendicitis, hernias, varicose veins, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and asthma, all of which are associated with lifestyles commonly led in high-income countries (HICs; also known as western diseases). Following Cleave's common cause hypothesis-which suggests that if a group of diseases occur together in the same population or individual, they are likely to have a common cause-Burkitt attributed these diseases to the small quantities of dietary fibre consumed in HICs due mainly to the over-processing of natural foods. Nowadays, dietary fibre intake in HICs is around 15 g/day (well below the amount of fibre Burkitt advocated of >50 g/day-which is associated with diets from rural, southern and eastern sub-Sahalean Africa). Since Burkitt's death in 1993, his hypothesis has been verified and extended by large-scale epidemiological studies, which have reported that fibre deficiency increases the risk of colon, liver, and breast cancer and increases all cancer mortality and death from cardiovascular, infectious, and respiratory diseases, diabetes, and all non-cardiovascular, non-cancer causes. Furthermore, mechanistic studies have now provided molecular explanations for these associations, typified by the role of short-chain fatty acids, products of fibre fermentation in the colon, in suppressing colonic mucosal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids can affect the epigenome through metabolic regulatory receptors in distant organs, and that this can reduce obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, allergy, and cancer. Diseases associated with high-income lifestyles are the most serious threat to health in developed countries, and public and governmental awareness needs to be improved to urge an increase in intake of fibre-rich foods. This Viewpoint will summarise the evidence that suggests that increasing dietary fibre intake to 50 g/day is likely to increase lifespan, improve the quality of life during the added years, and substantially reduce health-care costs.
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Inulin and its enzymatic production by inulosucrase: Characteristics, structural features, molecular modifications and applications.
Ni, D, Xu, W, Zhu, Y, Zhang, W, Zhang, T, Guang, C, Mu, W
Biotechnology advances. 2019;(2):306-318
Abstract
Inulin, a natural fructan, cannot be hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes in the human body and plays a role as a dietary fiber and prebiotic. Due to its versatile physicochemical properties and physiological functions, inulin has been widely applied in food, pharmaceuticals, and many other fields. The microorganism-derived inulin-forming enzyme inulosucrase (ISase) (EC: 2.1.4.9) can biosynthesize higher-molecular-weight inulin than plants using sucrose as the sole substrate, and the enzyme also shows transfructosylation activity toward other saccharide acceptors. In this article, the properties, functions, and applications of inulin are overviewed. The biosynthesis of inulin by ISase is addressed, including ISase characteristics, structural features, molecular modifications and applications.
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Fiber, Fat, and Colorectal Cancer: New Insight into Modifiable Dietary Risk Factors.
Ocvirk, S, Wilson, AS, Appolonia, CN, Thomas, TK, O'Keefe, SJD
Current gastroenterology reports. 2019;(11):62
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent data on the role and interactions of fiber and fat as dietary risk factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Fiber intake shows convincing and linear dose-response negative correlation with CRC risk. Dietary fiber stimulates butyrogenic activity of the gut microbiota, providing high amounts of butyrate that shows extensive anti-neoplastic effects. A high-fat diet promotes CRC risk through stimulated bile acid metabolism, facilitating bile acid conversion by the gut microbiota to tumor-promoting deoxycholic acid. Comprehensive interactions of these microbial metabolites are likely to underlie mechanisms driving diet-dependent CRC risk in different populations, but require further experimental investigation. Dietary fiber and fat shape the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota, resulting in altered amounts of butyrate and deoxycholic acid in the colon. Fiber supplementation and restriction of fat intake represent promising strategies to reduce CRC risk in healthy individuals.
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Dietary Fiber and Gut Microbiota in Renal Diets.
Camerotto, C, Cupisti, A, D'Alessandro, C, Muzio, F, Gallieni, M
Nutrients. 2019;(9)
Abstract
Nutrition is crucial for the management of patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) to slow down disease progression and to correct symptoms. The mainstay of the nutritional approach to renal patients is protein restriction coupled with adequate energy supply to prevent malnutrition. However, other aspects of renal diets, including fiber content, can be beneficial. This paper summarizes the latest literature on the role of different types of dietary fiber in CKD, with special attention to gut microbiota and the potential protective role of renal diets. Fibers have been identified based on aqueous solubility, but other features, such as viscosity, fermentability, and bulking effect in the colon should be considered. A proper amount of fiber should be recommended not only in the general population but also in CKD patients, to achieve an adequate composition and metabolism of gut microbiota and to reduce the risks connected with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
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Role of guar fiber in improving digestive health and function.
Rao, TP, Quartarone, G
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2019;:158-169
Abstract
Digestive health plays key role in our active daily life; but maintaining proper bowel movements, i.e., being free from constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, flatulence, bloating, and abdominal pain, is complex. Dietary fibers often are recommended to maintain proper digestive health, but none seems to provide a single comprehensive solution for overall maintanance of proper digestive health. Guar fiber, however, has emerged as a credible candidate for just such a solution. This review focused on summarizing the clinically observed effects of guar fiber on digestive health. Several clinical studies suggest the guar fiber normalizes both constipation and diarrheal conditions. Also, it was effective in alleviating the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome. The studies suggest that a regular intake of 5 to 10 g/d guar fiber is effective to treat most of the morbidities associated with digestive health. Guar fiber is all natural. It may offer potential protection and promotion of digestive health both alone and when combined with probiotics as a synbiotic formula.
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Impact of Soluble Fiber in the Microbiome and Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients.
Venegas-Borsellino, C, Kwon, M
Current nutrition reports. 2019;(4):347-355
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the controversy over the effect of dietary fiber (DF) on (1) outcomes in critical illness, (2) microbiome and metabolic homeostasis, and (3) current evidence and guidelines regarding supplementation in critically ill patients. RECENT FINDINGS In healthy individuals, consumption of DF is widely known as a long-term protecting factor against colon cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease; in hospitalized patients, DF may have a beneficial effect in the incidence of diarrhea, infections, and length of stay. But, what does that mean for critically ill patients? What is the recommended DF intake and what are current guidelines? There are many confounding factors that limit the evidence of beneficial effects from fiber supplementation in critically ill patients, including the side effects critical care therapies can have on gut microbiota, but after extrapolating data from healthy and hospitalized non-critical patients and considering that its administration appears to be safe, it may be wise to administer fiber-containing enteral feedings in ICU patients. Analysis of those confounders requires future research.
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Rice Components with Immunomodulatory Function.
Toda, M
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2019;(Supplement):S9-S12
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food crops in the world, and the effect of its consumption on human health is of great concern. Evidence has accumulated that rice contains several components, such as γ-oryzanol and rice bran fibers, which modulate the immune system. In addition, rice has other immunologically beneficial characteristics. It has a low allergenic potential and is gluten-free, reducing the risk of development of food allergies and diseases related to gluten sensitivity such as coeliac disease. This review presents the recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulatory function of rice components.
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Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Prepared by Enzymatic Degradation of Dietary Fibers in Rice Grains.
Kyu, MT, Dar, B, Aye, SS, Matsuda, T
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2019;(Supplement):S143-S147
Abstract
Rice are consumed mainly as polished rice grains. In the threshing and polishing processes of paddy rice, a considerable amount of husk and bran are separated as by-products. Rice bran is utilized for oil production, whereas rice husk as well as straw is not fully utilized. Defatted rice bran is rich in proteins and non-digestible polysaccharides, while husk and straw consist mainly of plant cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Such non-digestible polysaccharides function in gastrointestinal lumen as dietary fiber, though physiological functions and their application are limited. Non-digestible oligosaccharides have recently been interested as prebiotics from a viewpoint of health benefit via utilization by intestinal microbiota. A diversity of non-digestible polysaccharides in rice bran and husk are good and ecological sources for production of both prebiotic and potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides. In this review, we summarize non-digestible polysaccharides constituting cell wall of rice grains including husk and degradation of the polysaccharides into oligo- and monosaccharides by microbial glycoside hydrolases. Prebiotic potential of such oligosaccharides derived from rice non-digestible polysaccharides are also introduced. Finally, our recent attempt for effective production of cello-oligosaccharides by regulated enzymatic degradation is briefly described.
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Nutraceutical functions of beta-glucans in human nutrition.
Ciecierska, A, Drywień, ME, Hamulka, J, Sadkowski, T
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2019;(4):315-324
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that naturally occurring substances found in the food of the daily human diet are important for preventing chronic non-communicable diseases. One of them is beta-glucan, which is a natural polysaccharide, occurring in plant cell walls, mainly oats, barley and wheat. It is also present in baker’s yeast cells, fungal cell walls, and some microorganisms. Beta-glucan belongs to one of the dietary fiber fractions, which are attributed a number of beneficial health properties, including the prevention and treatment of certain digestive diseases and supporting the immune system. This compound has biological activity that depends on the size, molecular weight, conformation, frequency of bonds, solubility and changes in structure. Beta-glucan reduces cholesterol and glucose concentrations in the blood, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In addition to its effects on lipid levels and glucose metabolism, beta-glucan also exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing the risk of diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Immunostimulatory and antitumor effects have also been reported. The immunostimulatory activity of beta-glucan occurs as a result of its attachment to specific receptors present on the immune cell surface. Beta-glucan belongs to the group of prebiotics which stimulate the growth and activity of the desired natural intestinal microbiota, while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. It plays an important role in the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and preventing inflammation as well as colon cancer. Such a number of health benefits resulting from the properties of beta-glucan may play a key role in improving health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.