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Nanoparticles in the Food Industry and Their Impact on Human Gut Microbiome and Diseases.
Ghebretatios, M, Schaly, S, Prakash, S
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(4)
Abstract
The use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has expanded into various industries including food manufacturing, agriculture, cosmetics, and construction. This has allowed NPs access to the human gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about how they may impact human health. As the gut microbiome continues to be increasingly implicated in various diseases of unknown etiology, researchers have begun studying the potentially toxic effects of these NPs on the gut microbiome. Unfortunately, conflicting results have limited researcher's ability to evaluate the true impact of NPs on the gut microbiome in relation to health. This review focuses on the impact of five inorganic NPs (silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide) on the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal tract with consideration for various methodological differences within the literature. This is important as NP-induced changes to the gut could lead to various gut-related diseases. These include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and colorectal cancer. Research in this area is necessary as the use of NPs in various industries continues to grow along with the number of people suffering from chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
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Myocardial inflammation and energetics by cardiac MRI: a review of emerging techniques.
Tsampasian, V, Swift, AJ, Assadi, H, Chowdhary, A, Swoboda, P, Sammut, E, Dastidar, A, Cabrero, JB, Del Val, JR, Nair, S, et al
BMC medical imaging. 2021;(1):164
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular pathophysiology has gained a lot of research interest in recent years. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance has been a powerful tool in the non-invasive assessment of inflammation in several conditions. More recently, Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide have been successfully used to evaluate macrophage activity and subsequently inflammation on a cellular level. Current evidence from research studies provides encouraging data and confirms that this evolving method can potentially have a huge impact on clinical practice as it can be used in the diagnosis and management of very common conditions such as coronary artery disease, ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis and atherosclerosis. Another important emerging concept is that of myocardial energetics. With the use of phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, myocardial energetic compromise has been proved to be an important feature in the pathophysiological process of several conditions including diabetic cardiomyopathy, inherited cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease and cardiac transplant rejection. This unique tool is therefore being utilized to assess metabolic alterations in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. This review systematically examines these state-of-the-art methods in detail and provides an insight into the mechanisms of action and the clinical implications of their use.
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Metal-based nanoparticles: Promising tools for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
Younis, NK, Ghoubaira, JA, Bassil, EP, Tantawi, HN, Eid, AH
Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 2021;:102433
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. A search for more effective treatments of CVD is increasingly needed. Major advances in nanotechnology opened new avenues in CVD therapeutics. Owing to their special properties, iron oxide, gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) could exert various effects in the management and treatment of CVD. The role of iron oxide NPs in the detection and identification of atherosclerotic plaques is receiving increased attention. Moreover, these NPs enhance targeted stem cell delivery, thereby potentiating the regenerative capacity at the injured sites. In addition to their antioxidative and antihypertrophic capacities, gold NPs have also been shown to be useful in the identification of plaques and recognition of inflammatory markers. Contrary to first reports suggestive of their cardio-vasculoprotective role, silver NPs now appear to exert negative effects on the cardiovascular system. Indeed, these NPs appear to negatively modulate inflammation and cholesterol uptake, both of which exacerbate atherosclerosis. Moreover, silver NPs may precipitate bradycardia, conduction block and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we dissect the cellular responses and toxicity profiles of these NPs from various perspectives including cellular and molecular ones.
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Iron Infusion and Induced Hypophosphatemia: The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23.
Coppolino, G, Nicotera, R, Cernaro, V, Calimeri, S, Leonardi, G, Cosentino, S, Comi, A, Donato, C, Lucia, CM, Provenzano, M, et al
Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. 2020;(3):258-264
Abstract
The mechanism of action of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is becoming increasingly clearer as a result of studies that have defined its structure and pleiotropic effects. Furthermore, data are emerging on the effects exerted on this hormone by iron administration. Ten main iron formulations are recognized (with clear differences in composition and possible reactions of intolerance and anaphylaxis), which are indicated for iron deficiency anemia, including nephropathic subjects, as suggested by medical guidelines. With some types of iron formulation (especially iron carboxymaltose) a particular side effect has been observed: hypophosphatemia, mediated by FGF23. This review aims to draw attention to this correlation and the contradiction represented by the presence of both positive and negative modulation by FGF23, with the effects induced by its increase even after long-term treatment with iron formulation. However, more evidence is needed to understand the reasons for this differential stimulation.
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DNA-Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugates: Functional Magnetic Nanoplatforms in Biomedical Applications.
Sosa-Acosta, JR, Iriarte-Mesa, C, Ortega, GA, Díaz-García, AM
Topics in current chemistry (Cham). 2020;(1):13
Abstract
The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), in biomedicine is considered to be a valuable alternative to the more traditional materials due to their chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, surface functionalization, and the possibility to selectively attach and transport targeted species to the desired location under a magnetic field. One of the many main applications of MNPs is DNA separation, which enables genetic material manipulation; consequently, MNPs are used in numerous biotechnological methods, such as gene transfection and molecular recognition systems. In addition, the interaction between the surfaces of MNPs and DNA molecules and the magnetic nature of the resulting composite have facilitated the development of safe and effective gene delivery vectors to treat significant diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders. Furthermore, the special recognition properties of nucleic acids based on the binding capacity of DNA and the magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles allowing magnetic separation and concentration of analytes have led to the development of biosensors and diagnostic assays; however, both of these applications face important challenges in terms of the improvement of selective nanocarriers and biosensing capacity. In this review, we discuss some aspects of the properties and surface functionalization of MNPs, the interactions between DNA and IONPs, the preparation of DNA nanoplatforms and their biotechnological applications, such as the magnetic separation of DNA, magnetofection, preparation of DNA vaccines, and molecular recognition tools.
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Iron Acquisition by Bacterial Pathogens: Beyond Tris-Catecholate Complexes.
Zhang, Y, Sen, S, Giedroc, DP
Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology. 2020;(14):1955-1967
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Abstract
Sequestration of the essential nutrient iron from bacterial invaders that colonize the vertebrate host is a central feature of nutritional immunity and the "fight over transition metals" at the host-pathogen interface. The iron quota for many bacterial pathogens is large, as iron enzymes often make up a significant share of the metalloproteome. Iron enzymes play critical roles in respiration, energy metabolism, and other cellular processes by catalyzing a wide range of oxidation-reduction, electron transfer, and oxygen activation reactions. In this Concept article, we discuss recent insights into the diverse ways that bacterial pathogens acquire this essential nutrient, beyond the well-characterized tris-catecholate FeIII complexes, in competition and cooperation with significant host efforts to cripple these processes. We also discuss pathogen strategies to adapt their metabolism to less-than-optimal iron concentrations, and briefly speculate on what might be an integrated adaptive response to the concurrent limitation of both iron and zinc in the infected host.
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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery: applications and characteristics.
Vangijzegem, T, Stanicki, D, Laurent, S
Expert opinion on drug delivery. 2019;(1):69-78
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For many years, the controlled delivery of therapeutic compounds has been a matter of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. Among the wide amount of drug nanocarriers, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) stand out from the crowd and constitute robust nanoplatforms since they can achieve high drug loading as well as targeting abilities stemming from their remarkable properties (magnetic and biological properties). These applications require precise design of the nanoparticles regarding several parameters which must be considered together in order to attain highest therapeutic efficacy. AREAS COVERED This short review presents recent developments in the field of cancer targeted drug delivery using magnetic nanocarriers as drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The design of nanocarriers enabling efficient delivery of therapeutic compounds toward targeted locations is one of the major area of research in the targeted drug delivery field. By precisely shaping the structural properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles, drugs loaded onto the nanoparticles can be efficiently guided and selectively delivered toward targeted locations. With these goals in mind, special attention should be given to the pharmacokinetics and in vivo behavior of the developed nanocarriers.
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Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Formulations for Supplementation.
Pai, AB
Metal ions in life sciences. 2019
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron is widely used to provide supplementation when oral iron is ineffective or not tolerated. All commercially available intravenous iron formulations are comprised of iron oxyhydroxide cores coated with carbohydrates of varying structure and branch characteristics. The diameter of the iron-carbohydrate complexes ranges from 5-100 nm and meets criteria for nanoparticles. Clinical use of IV iron formulations entered clinical practice beginning of the late 1950s, which preceded the nanomedicine exploration frontier. Thus, these agents were approved without full exploration of labile iron release profiles or comprehensive biodistribution studies. The hypothesis for the pathogenesis of acute oxidative stress induced by intravenous iron formulations is the release of iron from the iron-carbohydrate structure, resulting in transient concentrations of labile plasma iron and induction of the Fenton chemistry and the Haber-Weiss reaction promoting formation of highly reactive free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical. Among available IV iron formulations, products with smaller carbohydrate shells are more labile and more likely to release labile iron directly into the plasma (i.e., before metabolism by the reticuloendothelial system). The proposed biologic targets of labile-iron-induced oxidative stress include nearly all systemic cellular components including endothelial cells, myocardium, liver as well as low density lipoprotein and other plasma proteins. Most studies have relied on plasma pharmacokinetic analyses that require many model assumptions to estimate contribution of the iron-carbohydrate complex to elevations in serum iron indices and hemoglobin. Additionally, the commercially available formulations have not been well studied with regard to optimal dosing regimens, long-term safety and comparative efficacy. The IV iron formulations fall into a class defined by the Food and Drug Administration as "Complex Drugs" and thus present considerable challenges for bioequivalence evaluation.
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Intravenous iron induced severe hypophophatemia in a gastric bypass patient.
Gómez Rodríguez, S, Castro Ramos, JC, Abreu Padín, C, Gómez Peralta, F
Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion. 2019;(5):340-342
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Intravenous iron therapy in heart failure: a different perspective.
Ghafourian, K, Chang, HC, Ardehali, H
European journal of heart failure. 2019;(6):703-714