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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery: applications and characteristics.
Vangijzegem, T, Stanicki, D, Laurent, S
Expert opinion on drug delivery. 2019;(1):69-78
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For many years, the controlled delivery of therapeutic compounds has been a matter of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. Among the wide amount of drug nanocarriers, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) stand out from the crowd and constitute robust nanoplatforms since they can achieve high drug loading as well as targeting abilities stemming from their remarkable properties (magnetic and biological properties). These applications require precise design of the nanoparticles regarding several parameters which must be considered together in order to attain highest therapeutic efficacy. AREAS COVERED This short review presents recent developments in the field of cancer targeted drug delivery using magnetic nanocarriers as drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The design of nanocarriers enabling efficient delivery of therapeutic compounds toward targeted locations is one of the major area of research in the targeted drug delivery field. By precisely shaping the structural properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles, drugs loaded onto the nanoparticles can be efficiently guided and selectively delivered toward targeted locations. With these goals in mind, special attention should be given to the pharmacokinetics and in vivo behavior of the developed nanocarriers.
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2.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Formulations for Supplementation.
Pai, AB
Metal ions in life sciences. 2019
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron is widely used to provide supplementation when oral iron is ineffective or not tolerated. All commercially available intravenous iron formulations are comprised of iron oxyhydroxide cores coated with carbohydrates of varying structure and branch characteristics. The diameter of the iron-carbohydrate complexes ranges from 5-100 nm and meets criteria for nanoparticles. Clinical use of IV iron formulations entered clinical practice beginning of the late 1950s, which preceded the nanomedicine exploration frontier. Thus, these agents were approved without full exploration of labile iron release profiles or comprehensive biodistribution studies. The hypothesis for the pathogenesis of acute oxidative stress induced by intravenous iron formulations is the release of iron from the iron-carbohydrate structure, resulting in transient concentrations of labile plasma iron and induction of the Fenton chemistry and the Haber-Weiss reaction promoting formation of highly reactive free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical. Among available IV iron formulations, products with smaller carbohydrate shells are more labile and more likely to release labile iron directly into the plasma (i.e., before metabolism by the reticuloendothelial system). The proposed biologic targets of labile-iron-induced oxidative stress include nearly all systemic cellular components including endothelial cells, myocardium, liver as well as low density lipoprotein and other plasma proteins. Most studies have relied on plasma pharmacokinetic analyses that require many model assumptions to estimate contribution of the iron-carbohydrate complex to elevations in serum iron indices and hemoglobin. Additionally, the commercially available formulations have not been well studied with regard to optimal dosing regimens, long-term safety and comparative efficacy. The IV iron formulations fall into a class defined by the Food and Drug Administration as "Complex Drugs" and thus present considerable challenges for bioequivalence evaluation.
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3.
Intravenous iron induced severe hypophophatemia in a gastric bypass patient.
Gómez Rodríguez, S, Castro Ramos, JC, Abreu Padín, C, Gómez Peralta, F
Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion. 2019;(5):340-342
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4.
Intravenous iron therapy in heart failure: a different perspective.
Ghafourian, K, Chang, HC, Ardehali, H
European journal of heart failure. 2019;(6):703-714
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5.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Theranostics.
Shakil, MS, Hasan, MA, Sarker, SR
Current drug metabolism. 2019;(6):446-456
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women worldwide. The extremely fast rate of metastasis and ability to develop resistance mechanism to all the conventional drugs make them very difficult to treat which are the causes of high morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients. Scientists throughout the world have been focusing on the early detection of breast tumor so that treatment can be started at the very early stage. Moreover, conventional treatment processes such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and local surgery suffer from various limitations including toxicity, genetic mutation of normal cells, and spreading of cancer cells to healthy tissues. Therefore, new treatment regimens with minimum toxicity to normal cells need to be urgently developed. METHODS Iron oxide nanoparticles have been widely used for targeting hyperthermia and imaging of breast cancer cells. They can be conjugated with drugs, proteins, enzymes, antibodies or nucleotides to deliver them to target organs, tissues or tumors using external magnetic field. RESULTS Iron oxide nanoparticles have been successfully used as theranostic agents for breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, their functionalization with drugs or functional biomolecules enhance their drug delivery efficiency and reduces the systemic toxicity of drugs. CONCLUSION This review mainly focuses on the versatile applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on the diagnosis, treatment, and detecting progress of breast cancer treatment. Their wide application is because of their excellent superparamagnetic, biocompatible and biodegradable properties.
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6.
Ferrite Materials for Photoassisted Environmental and Solar Fuels Applications.
Garcia-Muñoz, P, Fresno, F, de la Peña O'Shea, VA, Keller, N
Topics in current chemistry (Cham). 2019;(1):6
Abstract
Ferrites are a large class of oxides containing Fe3+ and at least another metal cation that have been investigated for and applied to a wide variety of fields ranging from mature technologies like circuitry, permanent magnets, magnetic recording and microwave devices to the most recent developments in areas like bioimaging, gas sensing and photocatalysis. In the last respect, although ferrites have been less studied than other types of semiconductors, they present interesting properties such as visible light absorption, tuneable optoelectronic properties and high chemical and photochemical stability. The versatility of their chemical composition and of their crystallographic structure opened a playground for developing new catalysts with enhanced efficiency. This article reviews the recent development of the application of ferrites to photoassisted processes for environmental remediation and for the synthesis of solar fuels. Applications in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water and air, photo-Fenton, and solar fuels production, via photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting and CO2 reduction, are reviewed paying special attention to the relationships between the physico-chemical characteristics of the ferrite materials and their photoactivated performance.
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7.
Differences between intravenous iron products: focus on treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients.
Martin-Malo, A, Borchard, G, Flühmann, B, Mori, C, Silverberg, D, Jankowska, EA
ESC heart failure. 2019;(2):241-253
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia and is highly prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, can be corrected with intravenous (i.v.) iron therapy. In heart failure patients, iron status screening, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency with ferric carboxymaltose are recommended by the 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines, based on results of two randomized controlled trials in CHF patients with iron deficiency. All i.v. iron complexes consist of a polynuclear Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide/oxide core that is stabilized with a compound-specific carbohydrate, which strongly influences their physico-chemical properties (e.g. molecular weight distribution, complex stability, and labile iron content). Thus, the carbohydrate determines the metabolic fate of the complex, affecting its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile and interactions with the innate immune system. Accordingly, i.v. iron products belong to the new class of non-biological complex drugs for which regulatory authorities recognized the need for more detailed characterization by orthogonal methods, particularly when assessing generic/follow-on products. Evaluation of published clinical and non-clinical studies with different i.v. iron products in this review suggests that study results obtained with one i.v. iron product should not be assumed to be equivalent to other i.v. iron products that lack comparable study data in CHF. Without head-to-head clinical studies proving the therapeutic equivalence of other i.v. iron products with ferric carboxymaltose, in the highly vulnerable population of heart failure patients, extrapolation of results and substitution with a different i.v. iron product is not recommended.
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Adaptive Materials Based on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Bone Regeneration.
Li, Y, Ye, D, Li, M, Ma, M, Gu, N
Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry. 2018;(16):1965-1979
Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the use of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in the areas of bone regenerative medicine. Reconstruction of bone defects caused by trauma, non-union, and bone tumor excision, still faces many challenges despite the intense investigations and advancement in bone-tissue engineering and bone regeneration over the past decades. IONPs have promising prospects in this field due to their controlled responsive characteristics in specific external magnetic fields and have been of great interest during the last few years. This Minireview aims to summarize the relevant progress and describes the following five aspects: (i) The general introduction of IONPs, with a focus on the magnetic properties as the base of application; (ii) using IONPs as tools to study and control stem cells for better treatment efficacy in stem-cell-based bone defect repair; (iii) the use of IONPs and their complexes in the delivery of therapeutic agents, including chemical drug molecules, growth factors, and genetic materials, to promote osteogenesis-related cell function and differentiation, healthy bone tissue growth, and functional reconstruction; (iv) magneto-mechanical actuation in the regulation of cells distribution, mechano-transduction membrane receptors activation, and mechanosensitive signaling pathways regulation, and (v) fabrication, characteristics, and in vitro and in vivo osteogenic effects of magnetic composite bone scaffolds. Ongoing prospects are also discussed.
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9.
Iron deficiency in heart failure.
Dinatolo, E, Dasseni, N, Metra, M, Lombardi, C, von Haehling, S
Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.). 2018;(12):706-716
Abstract
: Due to aging of the patients with heart failure, comorbidities are an emerging problem and, among them, iron deficiency is an important therapeutic target, independently of concomitant hemoglobin level. Iron deficiency affects up to 50% of heart failure patients, and it has been largely established its association with poor quality of life, impaired exercise tolerance and higher mortality. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have demonstrated that intravenous iron supplementation in heart failure patients with iron deficiency positively affects symptoms, quality of life, exercise tolerance (as measured by VO2 peak and 6MWT), with a global trend to reduction of hospitalization rates. Current European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for heart failure recommend a diagnostic work-up for iron deficiency in all heart failure patients and intravenous iron supplementation with ferric carboxymaltose for symptomatic patients with iron deficiency, defined by ferritin level less than 100 μg/l or by ferritin 100-300 μg/l with TSAT less than 20%. On-going studies will provide new evidence for a better treatment of this important comorbidity of heart failure patients.
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10.
Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
Anker, SD, Kirwan, BA, van Veldhuisen, DJ, Filippatos, G, Comin-Colet, J, Ruschitzka, F, Lüscher, TF, Arutyunov, GP, Motro, M, Mori, C, et al
European journal of heart failure. 2018;(1):125-133
Abstract
AIMS: Iron deficiency (ID) is a common co-morbidity in patients with heart failure (HF) and has been suggested to be associated with poor prognosis. Recently completed double-blind randomised controlled trials (RCTs) studying HF patients with ID have shown improvements in functional capacity, symptoms and quality of life when treated with i.v. ferric carboxymaltose (FCM). This individual patient data meta-analysis investigates the effect of FCM vs. placebo on recurrent hospitalisations and mortality in HF patients with ID. METHODS AND RESULTS Individual patient data were extracted from four RCTs comparing FCM with placebo in patients with systolic HF and ID. The main outcome measures were recurrent cardiovascular (CV) hospitalisations and CV mortality. Other outcomes included cause-specific hospitalisations and death. The main analyses of recurrent events were backed up by time-to-first-event analyses. In total, 839 patients, of whom 504 were randomised to FCM, were included. Compared with those taking placebo, patients on FCM had lower rates of recurrent CV hospitalisations and CV mortality [rate ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.88; P = 0.009]. Treatment with FCM also reduced recurrent HF hospitalisations and CV mortality (rate ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.86; P = 0.011) and recurrent CV hospitalisations and all-cause mortality (rate ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.88; P = 0.009). Time-to-first-event analyses showed similar findings, with somewhat attenuated treatment effects. The administration of i.v. FCM was not associated with an increased risk for adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with i.v. FCM was associated with a reduction in recurrent CV hospitalisations in systolic HF patients with ID.