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1.
Efficacy of Nutritional Interventions on Inflammatory Markers in Haemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Limited Meta-Analysis.
Khor, BH, Narayanan, SS, Sahathevan, S, Gafor, AHA, Daud, ZAM, Khosla, P, Sabatino, A, Fiaccadori, E, Chinna, K, Karupaiah, T
Nutrients. 2018;(4)
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation is prevalent in patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) treatment and is linked to the development of premature atherosclerosis and mortality. The non-pharmacological approach to treat inflammation in HD patients through nutritional intervention is well cited. We aimed to assess the efficacy of different nutritional interventions at improving inflammatory outcomes in HD patients, based on markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCT) published before June 2017. Inclusion criteria included RCTs on adult patients on maintenance HD treatment with duration of nutritional interventions for a minimum 4 weeks. Risk of bias was assessed using the Jadad score. In total, 46 RCTs experimenting different nutritional interventions were included in the review and categorized into polyphenols rich foods, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamin D, fibres, and probiotics. Meta-analyses indicated significant reduction in CRP levels by omega-3 fatty acids (Random model effect: -0.667 mg/L, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (fixed model effect: -0.257 mg/L, p = 0.005). Evidence for other groups of nutritional interventions was inconclusive. In conclusion, our meta-analysis provided evidence that omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E could improve inflammatory outcomes in HD patients.
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2.
Lipoprotein Apheresis and PCSK9-Inhibitors. Impact on Atherogenic Lipoproteins and Anti-Inflammatory Mediators in Familial Hypercholesterolaemia.
Stefanutti, C, Zenti, MG
Current pharmaceutical design. 2018;(31):3634-3637
Abstract
BACKGROUND A combination therapy with PCSK9-inhibitors (PCSK9-I) and lipoprotein-apheresis (LA) may have synergistic effects on circulating lipid and lipoprotein levels, in particular in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemic (HoFH) subjects. The relationships between the above mentioned novel therapeutic approaches as highly effective treatment option for Dyslipidemia in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemic (HeFH) patients deserve further investigation in larger datasets. OBJECTIVE This review aims to present the role of lipoprotein apheresis in the management of familial hypercholesterolaemia and discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of its combination with PCSK9 inhibitors. METHODS A comprehensive literature search regarding lipoprotein apheresis in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia and its combination with PCSK9 inhibitors has been performed. RESULTS LA is also a potent therapeutic player having impact on inflammation and related mediators. A large body of evidence on this is available. On the contrary, only few observations are available on PCSK9-I effects on inflammation. CONCLUSIONS It is quite clear that further investigation on possible direct and/or indirect pleiotropic effects of PCSK9-I on inflammatory molecules is necessary and to be expected. Evidence on both arguments with regard to HoFH and HeFH, are reported in short.
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3.
Cardiovascular diseases, depression disorders and potential effects of omega-3 fatty acids.
Trebatická, J, Dukát, A, Ďuračková, Z, Muchová, J
Physiological research. 2017;(3):363-382
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depressive disorders (DD) are two of the most prevalent health problems in the world. Although CVD and depression have different origin, they share some common pathophysiological characteristics and risk factors, such as the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, blood flow abnormalities, decreased glucose metabolism, elevated plasma homocysteine levels, oxidative stress and disorder in vitamin D metabolism. Current findings confirm the common underlying factors for both pathologies, which are related to dramatic dietary changes in the mid-19th century. By changing dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids from 1:1 to 15-20:1 some changes in metabolism were induced, such as increased pro-inflammatory mediators and modulations of different signaling pathways following pathophysiological response related to both, cardiovascular diseases and depressive disorders.
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4.
Inflammatory biomarkers of coronary heart disease.
Li, H, Sun, K, Zhao, R, Hu, J, Hao, Z, Wang, F, Lu, Y, Liu, F, Zhang, Y
Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition). 2017;(3):504-515
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD), characterized by inflammation and accumulation of plaques mainly comprised of lipids, calcium and inflammatory cells in the walls of coronary arteries. CHD is exacerbated by specific cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The current review focuses on the critical role of traditional inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), complement, CD40 and myeloperoxidase (MPO), in the pathogenesis of CHD.
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5.
Update of syncytiotrophoblast derived extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.
Tannetta, D, Masliukaite, I, Vatish, M, Redman, C, Sargent, I
Journal of reproductive immunology. 2017;:98-106
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) may be an important mechanism by which the placenta signals to the mother. STB derived EV (STBEV) are comprised predominantly of exosomes (50-150nm) and microvesicles (100-1000nm) that contain bioactive mediators such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. They, along with larger syncytial nuclear aggregates are released by the STB into the maternal circulation throughout gestation in normal pregnancy where they appear to have an immunoregulatory role, inhibiting T cell and NK cell responses. In pre-eclampsia (PE) STBEV are released in significantly increased numbers and have pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and procoagulant activity, implicating them in the maternal systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the clotting system which typifies the disorder. Research has focused on understanding the biological significance of STBEV by measuring their size and repertoire of molecules carried and how they differ in normal pregnancy and PE, using techniques such as Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. We have also found alterations in STBEV surface glycans associated with PE. The goal is to better understand the role STBEV play in normal pregnancy and PE and whether they are potential biomarkers of placental pathology and therapeutic targets in PE.
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6.
Impact of Bariatric Surgery on White Adipose Tissue Inflammation.
Labrecque, J, Laforest, S, Michaud, A, Biertho, L, Tchernof, A
Canadian journal of diabetes. 2017;(4):407-417
Abstract
Excess fat mass accumulation can lead to a wide range of metabolic and cardiovascular complications resulting from dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT). The latter includes immune cell infiltration and altered secretion of anti- and proinflammatory mediators, which contribute to systemic, low-grade inflammation. In this article, we review available literature documenting the impact of surgery-induced weight loss on macrophage infiltration and tissue expression or circulating levels of a broad spectrum of inflammatory mediators. Reports generally show that bariatric surgery may reverse both macrophage infiltration and the altered secretory profile observed in the AT of patients with severe obesity. However, further studies are needed to confirm or elucidate the effects of specific bariatric surgery procedures on white AT inflammation and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in these effects.
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7.
Local and Systemic Expression of Immunomodulatory Factors in Chronic Pancreatitis.
Komar, HM, Hart, PA, Cruz-Monserrate, Z, Conwell, DL, Lesinski, GB
Pancreas. 2017;(8):986-993
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Abstract
Inflammatory and fibrotic events that drive chronic pancreatitis (CP) are likely orchestrated via signaling of soluble cytokines and chemokines systemically and within the pancreas. However, a comprehensive summary of the expression of such factors during CP has not been reported to date. This information is important given continued interest in targeting cytokines that influence CP pathogenesis. Reported data on the expression change of soluble immunomodulatory factors in human CP patients were identified via a literature search using a single search term. Thirty-one articles meeting the prespecified inclusion criteria were identified to generate a compiled data summary. Compiled data demonstrated up-regulation of several factors in the blood or pancreas microenvironment of CP patients. Nine factors were elevated in both compartments, including fractalkine, IFN-γ, interleukin 1β, IL-6, IL-8, macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, transforming growth factor β, and tumor necrosis factor α. Most up-regulated factors could be classified into one of several functional groups, including inflammation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and pain. After further validation, these factors may be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and identification of comorbidities, or as potential therapeutic targets.
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8.
[Mediators of inflammatory response in asthma and its association with obesity].
Galicia-Negrete, G, Falfán-Valencia, R
Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993). 2017;(2):198-205
Abstract
There is an increase in the prevalence of asthma and obesity, constituting a public health problem at national and global levels. The association between the two pathologies has not been clearly determined; however, a certain synergy has been proposed, which leads to more severe bronchospasms, longer recovery time, and more prolonged use of medications in obese asthmatic patients. The discovery of leptin, an adipokine that is directly related to the amount of total body fat and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, has generated greater interest in white adipose tissue. Our objective was to describe the possible mechanisms involved and the association between obesity and asthma. A bibliographic search was conducted in the scientific literature using the National Biotechnology Information Center (NCBI) database of the USA as a search tool; keywords used were: asthma, leptin, obesity and inflammation. There are numerous clinical and experimental studies that explore the role of obesity as an inflammatory entity in asthma, some of which have evaluated the role of "shared" genetic polymorphisms in both pathologies. Apparently, the interaction between asthma and obesity is complex, there are mechanisms that link both pathologies, these can influence the improvement or exacerbation of symptoms.
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9.
Markers of Early Vascular Ageing.
Kotsis, V, Antza, C, Doundoulakis, I, Stabouli, S
Current pharmaceutical design. 2017;(22):3200-3204
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular damage is clinically manifested as coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and peripheral artery disease. The prevalence of these adverse conditions is higher with advancing age. Although many patients present cardiovascular damage late in their life, it is common to see patients with early atherosclerosis in cardiovascular intensive care units at ages lower than 50 years in men and 55 for women. METHODS AND RESULTS In this review of the literature we identified risk factors of early vascular damage. The classic risk factors such as age, gender, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, obesity, family history and newer biomarkers such as hs-CRP, folic acid, homocysteine, fibrinogen are neither strong nor predictive of the individual patient's risk to present early cardiovascular disease. All these risk factors have been used to propose risk scores for possible future events but we still lack a single strong marker indicating new onset of disease that will predict the future independently of the classical factors. The role of vascular imaging techniques to identify patients with subclinical atherosclerotic vascular damage before clinical disease, including the effect of known and unknown risk factors on the vascular tree, seems to be very important for intensifying preventive measures in high risk patients. Early arteriosclerosis measured from pulse wave velocity is associated with reduced arterial elasticity and is associated with future cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS Vascular measurements may better represent the continuum of cardiovascular disease from a young healthy to an aged diseased vessel that is going to produce adverse clinical events.
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10.
Pharmacology of Ischemia-Reperfusion. Translational Research Considerations.
Prieto-Moure, B, Lloris-Carsí, JM, Barrios-Pitarque, C, Toledo-Pereyra, LH, Lajara-Romance, JM, Berda-Antolí, M, Lloris-Cejalvo, JM, Cejalvo-Lapeña, D
Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research. 2016;(4):234-49
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IRI) is a complex physiopathological mechanism involving a large number of metabolic processes that can eventually lead to cell apoptosis and ultimately tissue necrosis. Treatment approaches intended to reduce or palliate the effects of IRI are varied, and are aimed basically at: inhibiting cell apoptosis and the complement system in the inflammatory process deriving from IRI, modulating calcium levels, maintaining mitochondrial membrane integrity, reducing the oxidative effects of IRI and levels of inflammatory cytokines, or minimizing the action of macrophages, neutrophils, and other cell types. This study involved an extensive, up-to-date review of the bibliography on the currently most widely used active products in the treatment and prevention of IRI, and their mechanisms of action, in an aim to obtain an overview of current and potential future treatments for this pathological process. The importance of IRI is clearly reflected by the large number of studies published year after year, and by the variety of pathophysiological processes involved in this major vascular problem. A quick study of the evolution of IRI-related publications in PubMed shows that in a single month in 2014, 263 articles were published, compared to 806 articles in the entire 1990.