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Effectiveness of eight-week zinc supplementation on vitamin D3 status and leptin levels in a population of postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized trial.
Vázquez-Lorente, H, Molina-López, J, Herrera-Quintana, L, Gamarra-Morales, Y, López-González, B, Planells, E
Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS). 2021;:126730
Abstract
BACKGROUND The menopausal period is characterized by hormonal imbalance related to the alteration of parameters involved in lipid metabolism. In addition, menopause increases the risk of deficiencies of key vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D and zinc in such women. The present study investigates the influence of zinc supplementation on the status of vitamin D3 and other lipid parameters in postmenopausal women. METHODS Fifty-one healthy postmenopausal women aged 44-76 years from the province of Granada (Spain) were divided into two groups (placebo and zinc) of 25 and 26 women, respectively. The zinc group was supplemented with 50 mg/day of zinc for 8 weeks. Nutrient intake assessment was performed by means of a 24 -h reminder. Zinc was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Vitamin D was analyzed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Leptin was determined by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Zinc supplementation improved the initial vitamin D3 status of the postmenopausal population (p = 0.049). Plasma levels of 25-OH-D3 increased significantly after Zn supplementation in women with lower age at menopause (p = 0.045). Both intake and plasma zinc levels were inversely correlated to serum leptin levels (p = 0.044 and p = 0.033, respectively), being significantly lower in lower age at menopause (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation improved vitamin D3 status and was associated to low leptin levels in the postmenopausal women of the study.
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A carbohydrate-restricted diet for patients with irritable bowel syndrome lowers serum C-peptide, insulin, and leptin without any correlation with symptom reduction.
Saidi, K, Nilholm, C, Roth, B, Ohlsson, B
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2021;:23-36
Abstract
Alterations in gut endocrine cells and hormone levels have been measured in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The hypothesis of the present study was that hormone levels would change after 4 weeks of a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) intervention corresponding to decreased carbohydrate intake and symptoms. Among 105 IBS patients from primary and tertiary healthcare, 80 were randomized to SSRD, while 25 followed their ordinary diet. Food diaries, Rome IV, and IBS-symptom severity score (IBS-SSS) questionnaires were completed, and blood samples were collected at baseline and after the intervention. Serum C-peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone, polypeptide YY, and glucose were measured, along with the prevalence of autoantibodies against gonadotropin-releasing hormone; its precursor, progonadoliberin-2, and receptor; and tenascin C. Carbohydrate intake was lower in the intervention group than in controls at week 4 (median: 88 [66-128] g vs 182 [89-224] g; P < .001). The change in carbohydrate intake, adjusted for weight, was associated with a decrease in C-peptide (β: 14.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.12-24.75) and insulin (β: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04-0.32) levels. Glucose levels remained unchanged. The IBS-SSS scores were lower in the intervention group but not in controls (P < .001), without any association with changes in hormone concentrations. There was no difference in autoantibody prevalence between patients and healthy controls. In conclusion, the hypothesis that reduced carbohydrate intake corresponded to altered hormonal levels in IBS was accepted; however, there was no relationship between hormonal concentrations and symptoms.
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Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus plantarum K50 on Lipids in Koreans With Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.
Sohn, M, Na, GY, Chu, J, Joung, H, Kim, BK, Lim, S
Frontiers in endocrinology. 2021;:790046
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only few studies have investigated the role of probiotics in the development of obesity. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of an intake of Lactobacillus plantarum K50 (LPK) on body fat and lipid profiles in people with obesity. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial involved 81 adults with a body mass index of 25-30 kg/m2 who were assigned randomly to a diet including 4 × 109 colony-forming unit of LPK or a placebo. Changes in body fat, anthropometric parameters, and biomarkers of obesity were compared using a linear mixed-effect model. RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment, body weight, fat mass, and abdominal fat area did not change significantly in the two groups. However, total cholesterol levels decreased from 209.4 ± 34.4 mg/dL to 203.5 ± 30.9 mg/dL in the LPK group, but increased from 194.7 ± 37.5 mg/dL to 199.9 ± 30.7 mg/dL in the placebo group (P = 0.037). Similarly, triglyceride levels decreased from 135.4 ± 115.8 mg/dL to 114.5 ± 65.9 mg/dL in the LPK group, with a significant difference between groups. LPK supplementation also tended to decrease leptin levels compared with placebo. It also changed the distribution of gut microbiota significantly, with an increase in L. plantarum and a decrease in Actinobacteria, both of whose changes in abundance were correlated with changes in visceral adiposity, with borderline significance. CONCLUSION A 12-week consumption of LPK reduced the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly with favorable alterations in microbiota, suggesting potential benefits for controlling blood lipid profiles.
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Secondary data analysis investigating effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids on circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin in older adults.
Rausch, JA, Gillespie, S, Orchard, T, Tan, A, McDaniel, JC
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2021;:102302
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher leptin and lower adiponectin levels have been linked to progressing systemic inflammation and diseases of aging. Among older adults with obesity and an inflammatory conditions, we quantified effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on leptin, adiponectin, and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR). We also examined associations among adipokine and cytokine levels. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, participants (mean age 61.3 ± 2.1) received 1.5 g EPA + 1.0 g DHA (n = 14) or mineral oil (n = 18) daily. Plasma adipokine and cytokine levels were quantified by electrochemiluminescence at all study intervals. RESULTS While no between-group differences were detected, there was a reduction in the LAR (by 23%, p=.065) between weeks 4 and 8 among the EPA+DHA group. Adiponectin levels were negatively associated with IL-1β levels at week 4 (p=.02) and TNF-α levels at week 8 (p=.03). CONCLUSION Potential benefits of EPA+DHA supplementation among aging populations warrant further study.
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Sucralose Consumption over 2 Weeks in Healthy Subjects Does Not Modify Fasting Plasma Concentrations of Appetite-Regulating Hormones: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Romo-Romo, A, Aguilar-Salinas, CA, López-Carrasco, MG, Guillén-Pineda, LE, Brito-Córdova, GX, Gómez-Díaz, RA, Gómez-Pérez, FJ, Almeda-Valdes, P
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2020;(8):1295-1304
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of nonnutritive sweeteners on appetite is controversial. Some studies have found changes in certain appetite control hormones with sucralose intake that may be through interaction with sweet taste receptors located in the intestine. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sucralose consumption could produce changes in fasting plasma concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones, including glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and leptin, and secondarily in insulin resistance. DESIGN A 2-week parallel randomized clinical trial with an additional visit conducted 1 week after dosing termination. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Sixty healthy, normal-weight individuals, without habitual consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners were recruited from July 2015 to March 2017 in Mexico City. INTERVENTION Daily sucralose consumption at 15% of the acceptable daily intake by using commercial sachets added to food. The control group followed the same protocol without an intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED Fasting concentrations of appetite regulating hormones before and after the intervention. Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were measured to assess insulin resistance as a secondary outcome. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Basal and final concentrations were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and Mann-Whitney U test for analysis between groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate changes in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS Sucralose was not associated with changes in any of the hormones measured. One week postintervention, an incremental change (P=0.04) in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was found in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Sucralose intake is not associated with changes in fasting concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, or leptin. An increase in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance observed only at 1 week postdosing is of unknown clinical significance, if any.
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Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults.
Sigala, DM, Widaman, AM, Hieronimus, B, Nunez, MV, Lee, V, Benyam, Y, Bremer, AA, Medici, V, Havel, PJ, Stanhope, KL, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage (sugar-SB) consumption is associated with body weight gain. We investigated whether the changes of (Δ) circulating leptin contribute to weight gain and ad libitum food intake in young adults consuming sugar-SB for two weeks. In a parallel, double-blinded, intervention study, participants (n = 131; BMI 18-35 kg/m2; 18-40 years) consumed three beverages/day containing aspartame or 25% energy requirement as glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sucrose (n = 23-28/group). Body weight, ad libitum food intake and 24-h leptin area under the curve (AUC) were assessed at Week 0 and at the end of Week 2. The Δbody weight was not different among groups (p = 0.092), but the increases in subjects consuming HFCS- (p = 0.0008) and glucose-SB (p = 0.018) were significant compared with Week 0. Subjects consuming sucrose- (+14%, p < 0.0015), fructose- (+9%, p = 0.015) and HFCS-SB (+8%, p = 0.017) increased energy intake during the ad libitum food intake trial compared with subjects consuming aspartame-SB (-4%, p = 0.0037, effect of SB). Fructose-SB decreased (-14 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.0006) and sucrose-SB increased (+25 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.025 vs. Week 0; p = 0.0008 vs. fructose-SB) 24-h leptin AUC. The Δad libitum food intake and Δbody weight were not influenced by circulating leptin in young adults consuming sugar-SB for 2 weeks. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms mediating increased energy intake in subjects consuming sugar-SB.
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Leptin partially mediates the association between early-life nutritional supplementation and long-term glycemic status among women in a Guatemalan longitudinal cohort.
He, S, Le, NA, Ramirez-Zea, M, Martorell, R, Narayan, KMV, Stein, AD
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2020;(4):804-813
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to improved nutrition is associated with decreased risk of diabetes but increased risk of obesity. Leptin positively correlates with adiposity and has glucose-lowering effects, thus it may mediate the association of early-life nutrition and long-term glycemic status. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the role of leptin in the differential association between early-life nutrition and the risks of obesity and diabetes. METHODS We analyzed data from a Guatemalan cohort who were randomly assigned at the village level to receive nutritional supplements as children. We conducted mediation analysis to examine the role of leptin in the associations of early-life nutrition and adult cardiometabolic outcomes. RESULTS Among 1112 study participants aged (mean ± SD) 44.1 ± 4.2 y, 60.6% were women. Cardiometabolic conditions were common: 40.2% of women and 19.4% of men were obese, and 53.1% of women and 41.0% of men were hyperglycemic or diabetic. Median (IQR) leptin concentration was 15.2 ng/mL (10.2-17.3 ng/mL) in women and 2.7 ng/mL (1.3-5.3 ng/mL) in men. Leptin was positively correlated with BMI (Spearman's ρ was 0.6 in women, 0.7 in men). Women exposed to improved nutrition in early life had 2.8-ng/mL (95% CI: 0.3, 5.3 ng/mL) higher leptin and tended to have lower fasting glucose (-0.8 mmol/L; -1.8, 0.2 mmol/L, nonsignificant) than unexposed women. There were no significant differences in leptin (-0.7 ng/mL; -2.1, 0.8 ng/mL) or fasting glucose (0.2 mmol/L; -0.5, 0.9 mmol/L) in men exposed to improved nutrition in early life compared with unexposed men. Leptin mediated 34.9% of the pathway between early-life nutrition and fasting glucose in women. The mediation in women was driven by improved pancreatic β-cell function. We did not observe the mediation effect in men. CONCLUSIONS Leptin mediated the glucose-lowering effect of early-life nutrition in women but not in men.
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Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest.
Gonzalez, JT, Dirks, ML, Holwerda, AM, Kouw, IWK, van Loon, LJC
European journal of applied physiology. 2020;(9):2083-2094
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare endocrine responses to intermittent vs continuous enteral nutrition provision during short-term bed rest. METHODS Twenty healthy men underwent 7 days of bed rest, during which they were randomized to receive enteral nutrition (47%E as carbohydrate, 34%E as fat, 16%E as protein and 3%E as fibre) in a continuous (CONTINUOUS; n = 10; 24 h day-1 at a constant rate) or intermittent (INTERMITTENT; n = 10; as 4 meals per day separated by 5 h) pattern. Daily plasma samples were taken every morning to assess metabolite/hormone concentrations. RESULTS During bed rest, plasma leptin concentrations were elevated to a lesser extent with INTERMITTENT vs CONTINUOUS (iAUC: 0.42 ± 0.38 vs 0.95 ± 0.48 nmol L-1, respectively; P = 0.014) as were insulin concentrations (interaction effect, P < 0.001) which reached a peak of 369 ± 225 pmol L-1 in CONTINUOUS, compared to 94 ± 38 pmol L-1 in INTERMITTENT (P = 0.001). Changes in glucose infusion rate were positively correlated with changes in fasting plasma GLP-1 concentrations (r = 0.44, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION Intermittent enteral nutrition attenuates the progressive rise in plasma leptin and insulinemia seen with continuous feeding during bed rest, suggesting that continuous feeding increases insulin requirements to maintain euglycemia. This raises the possibility that hepatic insulin sensitivity is impaired to a greater extent with continuous versus intermittent feeding during bed rest. To attenuate endocrine and metabolic changes with enteral feeding, an intermittent feeding strategy may, therefore, be preferable to continuous provision of nutrition. This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02521025.
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Influence of Short-Term Hyperenergetic, High-Fat Feeding on Appetite, Appetite-Related Hormones, and Food Reward in Healthy Men.
Thackray, AE, Willis, SA, Clayton, DJ, Broom, DR, Finlayson, G, Goltz, FR, Sargeant, JA, Woods, RM, Stensel, DJ, King, JA
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
Short-term overfeeding may provoke compensatory appetite responses to correct the energy surplus. However, the initial time-course of appetite, appetite-related hormone, and reward-related responses to hyperenergetic, high-fat diets (HE-HFD) are poorly characterised. Twelve young healthy men consumed a HE-HFD (+50% energy, 65% fat) or control diet (36% fat) for seven days in a randomised crossover design. Mean appetite perceptions were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after each diet. Fasted appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones, and reward parameters were measured pre-diet and after 1-, 3- and 7-days of each diet. The HE-HFD induced a pre-to-post diet suppression in mean appetite during the OGTT (all ratings p ≤ 0.058, effect size (d) ≥ 0.31), and reduced the preference for high-fat vs. low-fat foods (main effect diet p = 0.036, d = 0.32). Fasted leptin was higher in the HE-HFD than control diet (main effect diet p < 0.001, d = 0.30), whilst a diet-by-time interaction (p = 0.036) revealed fasted acylated ghrelin was reduced after 1-, 3- and 7-days of the HE-HFD (all p ≤ 0.040, d ≥ 0.50 vs. pre-diet). Appetite perceptions and total peptide YY in the fasted state exhibited similar temporal patterns between the diets (diet-by-time interaction p ≥ 0.077). Seven days of high-fat overfeeding provokes modest compensatory changes in subjective, hormonal, and reward-related appetite parameters.
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Differential Impact of Insulin Sensitizers vs. Anti-Androgen on Serum Leptin Levels in Vitamin D Replete PCOS Women: A Six Month Open Labeled Randomized Study.
Rashid, A, Ganie, MA, Wani, IA, Bhat, GA, Shaheen, F, Wani, IA, Shrivastava, M, Shah, ZA
Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2020;(2):89-94
Abstract
Women with PCOS are linked to insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D (VD) deficiency. The study endeavors to comprehend the differential impact of insulin sensitizers vs. anti-androgen on serum leptin levels among women with PCOS rendered vitamin D replete with high VD oral supplement. This was open-labeled randomized study that screened 180 eligible women presenting to Endocrine clinic with oligomenorrhea or features of hyperandrogenism. Ninety-nine women who furnished written informed consent and fulfilled the Rotterdam 2003 criteria for diagnosis of PCOS were randomized into 3 drug treatment arms to receive either spironolactone (50 mg/d; n=30), metformin (1000 mg/d; n=30) or pioglitazone (30 mg/d; n=30). These women were also administered oral VD (4000 IU/day) in addition to the allocated drug for a period of 6 months. Detailed history, clinical examination, and laboratory evaluation was carried out at baseline and 6 months after intervention. Number of menstrual cycles/year increased while as Ferriman-Gallwey score, blood glucose, HOMA-IR, and plasma insulin levels significantly decreased in all the three arms with better outcomes in spironolactone and pioglitazone arms (p<0.05). Similarly, serum leptin levels superiorly improved in spironolactone and pioglitazone group. Pioglitazone group showed better efficacy in lowering serum total testosterone (p<0.05). Co-supplementation of high dosage VD with spironolactone or pioglitazone are more effective in reducing plasma leptin levels than metformin, and thus might prove to be better therapeutic strategies for women with PCOS.