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1.
Myoferlin, a multifunctional protein in normal cells, has novel and key roles in various cancers.
Zhu, W, Zhou, B, Zhao, C, Ba, Z, Xu, H, Yan, X, Liu, W, Zhu, B, Wang, L, Ren, C
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2019;(11):7180-7189
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Abstract
Myoferlin, a protein of the ferlin family, has seven C2 domains and exhibits activity in some cells, including myoblasts and endothelial cells. Recently, myoferlin was identified as a promising target and biomarker in non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, melanoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma. This evidence indicated that myoferlin was involved in the proliferation, invasion and migration of tumour cells, the mechanism of which mainly included promoting angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, energy metabolism reprogramming, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and modulating exosomes. The roles of myoferlin in both normal cells and cancer cells are of great significance to provide novel and efficient methods of tumour treatment. In this review, we summarize recent studies and findings of myoferlin and suggest that myoferlin is a novel potential candidate for clinical diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy.
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The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise.
Trommelen, J, Betz, MW, van Loon, LJC
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2019;(2):185-197
Abstract
Protein ingestion following resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates and consequently enhances the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged training. Ingestion of ~ 20 g of quickly digestible protein isolate optimizes muscle protein synthesis rates during the first few hours of post-exercise recovery. However, the majority of daily protein intake is consumed as slower digestible, nutrient-rich, whole-food protein sources as part of mixed meals. Therefore, the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of protein supplements and typical foods or mixed meals may differ substantially. In addition, the muscle protein synthetic response to feeding is not only determined by acute nutrient intake but is also likely modulated by habitual energy and nutrient intake and nondietary factors such as habitual physical activity, body composition, age, and/or sex. Therefore, nutritional recommendations to maximize the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise depend on the type of meal (e.g., protein supplements vs. mixed meals) and the time until the next feeding opportunity (e.g., feeding before overnight sleep) and, therefore, need to be personalized to the individual athlete.
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Irreversible plasma and muscle protein oxidation and physical exercise.
Gorini, G, Gamberi, T, Fiaschi, T, Mannelli, M, Modesti, A, Magherini, F
Free radical research. 2019;(2):126-138
Abstract
The imbalance between the reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species production and their handling by the antioxidant machinery (low molecular weight antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes), also known as oxidative stress, is a condition caused by physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, oxidative stress may be due to an overproduction of free radicals during physical exercise. Excess of radical species leads to the modification of molecules, such as proteins - the most susceptible to oxidative modification - lipids and DNA. With regard to the oxidation of proteins, carbonylation is an oxidative modification that has been widely described. Several studies have detected changes in the total amount of protein carbonyls following different types of physical exercise, but only few of these identified the specific amino acidic residues targets of such oxidation. In this respect, proteomic approaches allow to identify the proteins susceptible to carbonylation and in many cases, it is also possible to identify the specific protein carbonylation sites. This review focuses on the role of protein oxidation, and specifically carbonyl formation, for plasma and skeletal muscle proteins, following different types of physical exercise performed at different intensities. Furthermore, we focused on the proteomic strategies used to identify the specific protein targets of carbonylation. Overall, our analysis suggests that regular physical activity promotes a protection against protein carbonylation, due to the activation of the antioxidant defence or of the turnover of protein carbonyls. However, we can conclude that from the comprehensive bibliography analysed, there is no clearly defined specific physiological role about this post-translational modification of proteins.
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Contraction and nutrition interaction promotes anabolism in cachectic muscle.
Di Girolamo, FG, Guadagni, M, Fiotti, N, Situlin, R, Biolo, G
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2019;(1):60-67
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cachexia is a disease-related multifactorial syndrome characterized by inflammation, massive muscle protein catabolism and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorder.Several studies tried to define the impact of either nutrition or physical exercise (single approach strategy) or their combination (multimodal approach strategy) on prevention and/or treatment of muscle wasting in cachectic patients. RECENT FINDINGS Single approach strategies (i.e. nutrition or physical exercise) have the potential of preventing and improving features of the cachexia syndrome possibly with a differential impact according to the underlying disease. Limited information is available on the beneficial effect of multimodal approach strategies. SUMMARY Multimodal approaches appear to be more effective than those based on single interventions in physiological condition and in cachectic patients with COPD or chronic kidney disease. Further studies, however, are required in cachexia induced by heart failure, cancer and critical illness.
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Effects of acute oral feeding on protein metabolism and muscle protein synthesis in individuals with cancer.
van der Meij, BS, De Groot, LM, Deutz, NEP, Engelen, MPKJ
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2019;:110531
Abstract
Weight loss and muscle loss are common in individuals living with cancer, with ≤50% experiencing involuntary weight loss at any time point in their cancer journey, and between 11% and 74% having sarcopenia or significant muscle loss. These changes in body composition are related to poor outcomes such as increased treatment toxicity, impaired quality of life, and reduced survival duration. Poor outcomes are not restricted to those who are underweight with severe weight loss; sarcopenia alone has been shown to be a prognostic marker across all body mass index categories, ranging from underweight to obesity To understand the mechanism of nutrition interventions in cancer and to develop effective future interventions, it is necessary to look at the acute effects of feeding on the response of the body and the ability to reach an anabolic response. The aim of this study was to explore and summarize the emerging evidence on metabolic effects of acute oral interventions on whole body protein kinetics and muscle protein synthesis in individuals with cancer.
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Isolated branched-chain amino acid intake and muscle protein synthesis in humans: a biochemical review.
Santos, CS, Nascimento, FEL
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2019;(3):eRB4898
Abstract
Alongside a proper diet, ergogenic aids with potential direct and/or indirect physical performance enhancing effects are sought after for improved adaptation to physical training. Nutritional ergogenics include diet composition changes and/or dietary supplementation. Branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine are widely popular among products with ergogenic claims. Their major marketing appeal derives from allegations that branched-chain amino acids intake combined with resistance physical exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Evidence supporting the efficacy of branched-chain amino acids alone for muscle hypertrophy in humans is somewhat equivocal. This brief review describes physiological and biochemical mechanisms underpinning the effects of complete protein source and branched-chain amino acid intake on skeletal muscle growth in the postabsorptive and post-exercise state. Evidence in favor of or against potential anabolic effects of isolated branched-chain amino acid intake on muscle protein synthesis in humans is also examined.
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Food-First Approach to Enhance the Regulation of Post-exercise Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Remodeling.
Burd, NA, Beals, JW, Martinez, IG, Salvador, AF, Skinner, SK
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2019;(Suppl 1):59-68
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Abstract
Protein recommendations are provided on a daily basis as defined by the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) at 0.80 g protein/kg/day. However, meal-based, as opposed to daily, dietary protein recommendations are likely more informative given the role of the daily protein distribution pattern in modulating the post-exercise muscle protein synthetic response. Current protein meal recommendations to plateau post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates are based on the ingestion of isolated protein sources, and not protein-rich whole foods. It is generally more common to eat whole food sources of dietary protein within a normal eating pattern to meet dietary protein requirements. Yet, there is a need to define how dietary protein action on muscle protein synthesis rates can be modulated by other nutrients within a food matrix to achieve protein requirements for optimal muscle adaptations. Recent developments suggest that the identification of an "optimal" protein source should likely consider the characteristics of the protein and the food matrix in which it is consumed. This review aims to discuss recent concepts related to protein quality, and the potential interactive effects of the food matrix, to achieve optimal protein requirements and elicit a robust postprandial muscle protein synthetic response with an emphasis on the post-exercise recovery window.
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Calcium Mechanisms in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy with CAPN3 Mutations.
Lasa-Elgarresta, J, Mosqueira-Martín, L, Naldaiz-Gastesi, N, Sáenz, A, López de Munain, A, Vallejo-Illarramendi, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;(18)
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1), previously known as LGMD2A, is a rare disease caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene. It is characterized by progressive weakness of shoulder, pelvic, and proximal limb muscles that usually appears in children and young adults and results in loss of ambulation within 20 years after disease onset in most patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in LGMDR1 remain mostly unknown, and to date, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence suggesting that dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in the skeletal muscle is a significant underlying event in this muscular dystrophy. We also review and discuss specific clinical features of LGMDR1, CAPN3 functions, novel putative targets for therapeutic strategies, and current approaches aiming to treat LGMDR1. These novel approaches may be clinically relevant not only for LGMDR1 but also for other muscular dystrophies with secondary calpainopathy or with abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis, such as LGMD2B/LGMDR2 or sporadic inclusion body myositis.
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Resistance Training and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Eumenorrheic Females: Implications for Researchers and Practitioners.
Knowles, OE, Aisbett, B, Main, LC, Drinkwater, EJ, Orellana, L, Lamon, S
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2019;(11):1637-1650
Abstract
Resistance training is essential for health and performance and confers many benefits such as increasing skeletal muscle mass, increasing strength and power output, and improving metabolic health. Resistance training is a major component of the physical activity guidelines, yet research in female populations is limited. Recent increases in the promotion of, and the participation by, females in sport and exercise, highlight the need for an increase in understanding of evidence-based best practice exercise prescription for females. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current research regarding resistance training performance and skeletal muscle adaptation in females, with a focus on the hormonal variables that may influence resistance training outcomes. Findings suggest that the menstrual cycle phase may impact strength, but not skeletal muscle protein metabolism. In comparison, oral contraception use in females may reduce skeletal muscle protein synthesis, but not strength outcomes, when compared to non-users. Future research should investigate the role of resistance training in the maintenance of skeletal muscle protein metabolism during pregnancy, menopause and in athletes experiencing relative energy deficiency in sport. The review concludes with recommendations for researchers to assist them in the inclusion of female participants in resistance training research specifically, with commentary on the most appropriate methods of controlling for, or understanding the implications of, hormonal fluctuations. For practitioners, the current evidence suggests possible resistance training practices that could optimise performance outcomes in females, although further research is warranted.
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Can exercise and nutrition stimulate muscle protein gain in the ICU patient?
Sundström-Rehal, M, Tardif, N, Rooyackers, O
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2019;(2):146-151
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intended purpose of nutritional and exercise interventions during ICU stay is often to limit the muscle loss associated with critical illness. Unfortunately, direct measurements of muscle protein turnover or potential surrogates have often been neglected in clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss the potential advantages and drawbacks of common outcome measures for assessing changes in muscle structure and function over time, and how temporal changes in patient physiology require consideration. There is an increasing awareness of emphasizing functional outcomes in recent clinical trials. We here summarize the latest research on therapies attempting to limit muscle loss in ICU patients, with a focus on muscle protein metabolism. No recent or older studies show any effect of nutritional interventions on muscle protein gain, although some smaller studies show a promising positive effect on muscle thickness and function. Some studies show a positive effect of increased physical activity in the ICU on muscle mass and function but heterogeneity of the interventions and outcome measures make any general conclusions impossible. SUMMARY Several knowledge gaps remain regarding the importance of muscle protein regulation as a driver of improved physical function following ICU discharge. In our opinion, physiological investigations are needed to guide the design and interpretation of future clinical trials.