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Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes.
Doherty, R, Madigan, S, Warrington, G, Ellis, J
Nutrients. 2019;(4)
Abstract
This narrative review explores the relationship between sleep and nutrition. Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients. Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition. Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervous system and metabolic cost of the waking state and has an integral role in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity, all of which can impact both athletic recovery and performance. Functional food-based interventions designed to enhance sleep quality and quantity or promote general health, sleep health, training adaptations and/or recovery warrant further investigation.
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Addressing optimal folate and related B-vitamin status through the lifecycle: health impacts and challenges.
McNulty, H, Ward, M, Hoey, L, Hughes, CF, Pentieva, K
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2019;(3):449-462
Abstract
The functional effects of folate within C1 metabolism involve interrelationships with vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and riboflavin, and related gene-nutrient interactions. These B vitamins have important roles throughout life, from pregnancy, through childhood, to middle and older age. Achieving optimal nutritional status for preventing folate-related disease is challenging, however, primarily as a result of the poor stability and incomplete bioavailability of folate from natural food sources when compared with the synthetic vitamin form, folic acid. Thus, in European countries, measures to prevent neural tube defects (NTD) have been largely ineffective because of the generally poor compliance of women with folic acid supplementation as recommended before and in early pregnancy. In contrast, countries worldwide with mandatory folic acid fortification policies have experienced marked reductions in NTD. Low vitamin B12 status is associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction, CVD and osteoporosis. Achieving optimal B12 status can be problematic for older people, however, primarily owing to food-bound B12 malabsorption which leads to sub-clinical deficiency even with high dietary B12 intakes. Optimising B-vitamin intake may be particularly important for sub-populations with impaired folate metabolism owing to genetic characteristics, most notably the 677C→T variant in the gene encoding the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). This common folate polymorphism is linked with several adverse health outcomes, including stroke, however, recent evidence has identified its novel interaction with riboflavin (the MTHFR cofactor) in relation to blood pressure and risk of developing hypertension. This review addresses why and how the optimal status of folate-related B vitamins should be achieved through the lifecycle.
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3.
Genetic determinants of beverage consumption: Implications for nutrition and health.
Cornelis, MC
Advances in food and nutrition research. 2019;:1-52
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Abstract
Beverages make important contributions to nutritional intake and their role in health has received much attention. This review focuses on the genetic determinants of common beverage consumption and how research in this field is contributing insight to what and how much we consume and why this genetic knowledge matters from a research and public health perspective. The earliest efforts in gene-beverage behavior mapping involved genetic linkage and candidate gene analysis but these approaches have been largely replaced by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS have identified biologically plausible loci underlying alcohol and coffee drinking behavior. No GWAS has identified variants specifically associated with consumption of tea, juice, soda, wine, beer, milk or any other common beverage. Thus far, GWAS highlight an important behavior-reward component (as opposed to taste) to beverage consumption which may serve as a potential barrier to dietary interventions. Loci identified have been used in Mendelian randomization and gene×beverage interaction analysis of disease but results have been mixed. This research is necessary as it informs the clinical relevance of SNP-beverage associations and thus genotype-based personalized nutrition, which is gaining interest in the commercial and public health sectors.
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Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia?
Robinson, SM, Reginster, JY, Rizzoli, R, Shaw, SC, Kanis, JA, Bautmans, I, Bischoff-Ferrari, H, Bruyère, O, Cesari, M, Dawson-Hughes, B, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2018;(4):1121-1132
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that links nutrition to muscle mass, strength and function in older adults, suggesting that it has an important role to play both in the prevention and management of sarcopenia. This review summarises the discussions of a working group [ESCEO working group meeting 8th September 2016] that met to review current evidence and to consider its implications for preventive and treatment strategies. The review points to the importance of 'healthier' dietary patterns that are adequate in quality in older age, to ensure sufficient intakes of protein, vitamin D, antioxidant nutrients and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In particular, there is substantial evidence to support the roles of dietary protein and physical activity as key anabolic stimuli for muscle protein synthesis. However, much of the evidence is observational and from high-income countries. Further high-quality trials, particularly from more diverse populations, are needed to enable an understanding of dose and duration effects of individual nutrients on function, to elucidate mechanistic links, and to define optimal profiles and patterns of nutrient intake for older adults.
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Nutritional habits, risk, and progression of Parkinson disease.
Erro, R, Brigo, F, Tamburin, S, Zamboni, M, Antonini, A, Tinazzi, M
Journal of neurology. 2018;(1):12-23
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease, where a genetic predisposition combines with putative environmental risk factors. Mounting evidence suggests that the initial PD pathological manifestations may be located in the gut to subsequently affect brain areas. Moreover, several lines of research demonstrated that there are bidirectional connections between the central nervous system and the gut, the "gut-brain axis" that influences both brain and gastrointestinal function. This opens a potential therapeutic window suggesting that specific dietary strategies may interact with the disease process and influence the risk of PD or modify its course. Dietary components can also theoretically modulate the chronic activation of the inflammatory response that is associated with aging, the strongest risk factor for PD, that has been suggested to hasten the underlying neurodegenerative process in PD. Here, we reviewed the evidence supporting an association between certain dietary compound and either the risk or progression of PD and have provided an overview of the possible pathomechanisms linking nutrition and neurodegeneration. The results of our review would not support a clear role for any dietary components in reducing the risk or progression of PD. However, the evidence favouring a connection between gut abnormalities, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in PD have become too compelling to be ignored, so that further research, also in the field of nutritional genomics, is highly warranted.
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Resting energy expenditure and body composition: critical aspects for clinical nutrition.
Soares, MJ, Müller, MJ
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2018;(9):1208-1214
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Nutritional Modulation of Innate Immunity: The Fat-Bile-Gut Connection.
Chevre, R, Silvestre-Roig, C, Soehnlein, O
Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM. 2018;(10):686-698
Abstract
Altered nutritional behavior in Western societies has unleashed numerous metabolic disorders, intimately linked to profound disruptions of the immune system. Here we summarize how nutrition modulates innate immunity. We outline recent findings regarding nutrient signaling and we particularly focus on the collateral impact of nutrition on the microbiome and on the bile acid (BA) pool. We discuss how the integration of postprandial signals by the gut microbiota, along with the absorption routes of metabolites, differentially affects immune niches to orchestrate immune responses. Finally, we discuss the potential consequences of these signals in the light of trained immunity. A better understanding of nutrition signaling will permit the optimization of therapeutic and dietary strategies against the arising immune disorders.
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[Amino Acid Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia].
Kobayashi, H
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 2018;(10):1277-1283
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Abstract
Sarcopenia is the decrease in skeletal muscle mass and muscular function that occurs with aging. The underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia include anabolic resistance, which is defined as a poor muscle protein synthetic response to previously effective stimuli such as nutrients and exercise. Among the nutrients that humans ingest, amino acids directly trigger the synthesis of muscle proteins. The essential amino acid leucine, in particular, functions as a stimulatory signal. Leucine-enriched essential amino acids help overcome anabolic resistance in elderly individuals to effectively stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Long-term intake of leucine-enriched essential amino acids has a synergistic effect with exercise to increase skeletal muscle mass, strength, and walking speed in elderly individuals, and can be an effective countermeasure to sarcopenia.
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The hematopoietic stem cell diet.
Wilkinson, AC, Yamazaki, S
International journal of hematology. 2018;(6):634-641
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for sustaining life-long blood formation or hematopoiesis and are also used clinically in a form of bone marrow transplantation, a curative cellular therapy for a range of hematological diseases. HSCs are maintained throughout adult life by a complex biological niche or microenvironment, which is thought to be composed of a range of cellular, molecular, and metabolic components. The metabolic components of the HSC niche have become of increasing interest over the past few years. It is now well-recognized that metabolic activity is intimately linked to HSC function, and dysregulation of these metabolic pathways result in hematological pathologies such as leukemia. Here, we review the recent progress in this field including our current understanding of the "dietary" requirements of HSCs and how nutrition influences HSC activity. These recent findings have suggested promising new metabolic approaches to improve clinical HSC transplantation and leukemia therapies.
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Nutrition and prevention of cognitive impairment.
Scarmeas, N, Anastasiou, CA, Yannakoulia, M
The Lancet. Neurology. 2018;(11):1006-1015
Abstract
Nutrition is an important lifestyle factor that can modify the risk of future cognitive impairment and dementia. Some, but not conclusive, evidence (mostly from observational studies and infrequently from clinical trials) exists of a protective association between certain nutrients (eg, folate, flavonoids, vitamin D, and certain lipids) or food groups (eg, seafood, vegetables, and fruits, and potentially moderate alcohol and caffeine consumption) and cognitive outcomes in older people. For some nutrients and food groups, protection might be greater in individuals with either deficiencies in certain nutrients or a genetic predisposition to cognitive impairment. Identification of potentially different associations between such subgroups should be a priority for future research. At present, evidence of an association between nutrition and cognitive outcomes is somehow stronger for healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean-type diet, than for individual nutrients and food groups, possibly because of the cumulative beneficial effects of the many ingredients in these diets. Multidomain interventions (including a nutrition component) might also hold some promise for the prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia, but their effectiveness is still uncertain. Use of advanced technologies for nutrition assessment (eg, metabolomics and innovative methods of dietary intake assessment) and recently identified biomarkers of nutrition and neurobiological outcomes will be important to achieve this goal.