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selected
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1.
Sarcopenia and Psychosocial Variables in Patients in Intensive Care Units: The Role of Nutrition and Rehabilitation in Prevention and Treatment.
Gropper, S, Hunt, D, Chapa, DW
Critical care nursing clinics of North America. 2019;(4):489-499
Abstract
Critical illness leads to decline in muscle mass that promotes decline in physical function and psychological function and may lead to cognitive decline or dementia. Nurses are key to driving the multidisciplinary interventions that prevent protein loss and promote positive outcomes for critically ill patients.
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2.
Determination of Nutrition Risk and Status in Critically Ill Patients: What Are Our Considerations?
Lee, ZY, Heyland, DK
Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2019;(1):96-111
Abstract
The stress catabolism state predisposes critically ill patients to a high risk of malnutrition. This, coupled with inadequate or delayed nutrition provision, will lead to further deterioration of nutrition status. Preexisting malnutrition and iatrogenic underfeeding are associated with increased risk of adverse complications. Therefore, accurate detection of patients who are malnourished and/or with high nutrition risk is important for timely and optimal nutrition intervention. Various tools have been developed for nutrition screening and assessment for hospitalized patients, but not all are studied or validated in critically ill populations. In this review article, we consider the pathophysiology of malnutrition in critical illness and the currently available literature to develop recommendations for nutrition screening and assessment. We suggest the use of the (modified) Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) for nutrition risk screening and the subjective global assessment (SGA) together with other criteria relevant to the critically ill patients, such as gastrointestinal function, risk of aspiration, determination of sarcopenia and frailty, and risk of refeeding syndrome for nutrition assessment. Further research is needed to identify suitable nutrition monitoring indicators to determine the response to the provision of nutrition.
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3.
The microbiome: toward preventing allergies and asthma by nutritional intervention.
Perdijk, O, Marsland, BJ
Current opinion in immunology. 2019;:10-18
Abstract
Allergies and asthma have increased in prevalence over recent decades while the development of therapies to treat or prevent them has stagnated. Genetic predisposition and lifestyle changes influence the constituents of the microbiome and these host-environment-microbe interactions represent a key underlying pressure influencing disease susceptibility. Consequently, there has been a surge of interest in shaping the microbiome to a health-promoting state particularly through nutritional intervention strategies. However, mechanistic insights into the nutrition-microbe-host interplay are still needed in order for such approaches to succeed. In addition, little is known about how trans-kingdom interactions might influence disease susceptibility and progression. Future steps toward revealing the underlying mechanisms of host-microbe interactions will be pivotal for the development of effective dietary intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
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4.
Biomarker approaches to assessing intakes and health impacts of sweeteners: challenges and opportunities.
Gallagher, AM, Logue, C
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2019;(3):463-472
Abstract
The term 'sweeteners' encompasses both nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners, which when added to food/beverages, can enhance the flavour and other functional properties of food/beverage products. This review considers how dietary biomarker approaches may enhance current understanding of nutritive sweetener (namely free sugars) and non-nutritive or low-energy sweetener (LES) intakes and how these may impact health. Recent public health strategies to reduce free sugar consumption will help contribute to challenging sugar intake targets. Robust evaluation is needed to determine the effectiveness of these approaches to reducing free sugar consumption. LES provides a sweet taste without the addition of appreciable energy and can help maintain the palatability of reformulated products. All LES undergo rigorous safety evaluations prior to approval for use. Whilst intervention data suggest LES can be beneficial for health (relating to weight status and glycaemic control), debate persists on their use and findings from population-based research are mixed, in part because of potential contributing factors such as reverse causality. Additionally, assessments often consider only certain sources of LES (e.g. LES-beverages) and/or LES as a homogeneous group despite differing biological fates, thus not adequately capturing intakes of individual LES or allowing for reliable estimation of overall intakes. Urinary biomarker approaches developed/investigated for sweetener consumption have the potential to overcome existing limitations of dietary data by providing more objective intake data, thereby enhancing population-based research. In conclusion, such biomarker approaches to the concomitant study of free sugars and LES intakes are timely and represent interesting developments in an area of significant public health interest.
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5.
Impact of Maillard reaction products on nutrition and health: Current knowledge and need to understand their fate in the human digestive system.
ALjahdali, N, Carbonero, F
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;(3):474-487
Abstract
The Maillard Reaction (MR) is a non-enzymatic chemical reaction which results in the linkage between the amino group of amino acids and the carbonyl group of reduced sugars. MR products (MRPs) are common components of processed foods, mainly as a result of heating, especially in the Western diet. MRPs are classified as into three stages: initial, intermediate, and final stages, indicative of increased complexity and size, incurring different flavor, aroma, and texture. MRPs presence is known to reduce the nutritional quality of foods, particularly by reducing protein digestibility. Early reports have linked MRPs, especially advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) present in high concentration in the typical Western diet, to health conditions and diseases. However conflicting data has since been reported, and only a few (acrylamide, heterocyclic amines and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural) MRPs have documented potential toxic or carcinogenic effects. High molecular weight MRPs are not available for direct absorption in the higher gastrointestinal tract, and are thus mostly metabolized by resident colonic microbes. MRPs have been the subject of sparse research interest in comparison with other non-digestible dietary elements. In this review, we outline the state of knowledge on MRPs in nutrition and health, and highlight the need to develop the limited knowledge on their impact on the gut microbiota and which metabolites derive from MRPs fermentation.
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6.
Metabolic adaptations to endurance training and nutrition strategies influencing performance.
Earnest, CP, Rothschild, J, Harnish, CR, Naderi, A
Research in sports medicine (Print). 2019;(2):134-146
Abstract
Endurance performance is the result of optimal training targeting cardiovascular, metabolic, and peripheral muscular adaptations and is coupled to effective nutrition strategies via the use of macronutrient manipulations surrounding training and potential supplementation with ergogenic aids. It is important to note that training and nutrition may differ according to the individual needs of the athlete and can markedly impact the physiological response to training. Herein, we discuss various aspects of endurance training adaptations, nutritional strategies and their contributions to towards performance.
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7.
Nutritional psychiatry: Towards improving mental health by what you eat.
Adan, RAH, van der Beek, EM, Buitelaar, JK, Cryan, JF, Hebebrand, J, Higgs, S, Schellekens, H, Dickson, SL
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;(12):1321-1332
Abstract
Does it matter what we eat for our mental health? Accumulating data suggests that this may indeed be the case and that diet and nutrition are not only critical for human physiology and body composition, but also have significant effects on mood and mental wellbeing. While the determining factors of mental health are complex, increasing evidence indicates a strong association between a poor diet and the exacerbation of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression, as well as other neuropsychiatric conditions. There are common beliefs about the health effects of certain foods that are not supported by solid evidence and the scientific evidence demonstrating the unequivocal link between nutrition and mental health is only beginning to emerge. Current epidemiological data on nutrition and mental health do not provide information about causality or underlying mechanisms. Future studies should focus on elucidating mechanism. Randomized controlled trials should be of high quality, adequately powered and geared towards the advancement of knowledge from population-based observations towards personalized nutrition. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging field of nutritional psychiatry, exploring the scientific evidence exemplifying the importance of a well-balanced diet for mental health. We conclude that an experimental medicine approach and a mechanistic understanding is required to provide solid evidence on which future policies on diet and nutrition for mental health can be based.
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8.
Tuberculosis control in India: Refocus on nutrition.
Shaji, B, Arun Thomas, ET, Sasidharan, PK
The Indian journal of tuberculosis. 2019;(1):26-29
Abstract
Many western societies have eliminated tuberculosis years before the advent of potent anti-tuberculous drugs, as a result of the improved standards of living and good nutrition. But even with the availability of powerful anti-tuberculous drugs, India still has a long road ahead to reach the "End TB by 2025" goal. One of the major reason is that tuberculosis control program in India till now have focused primarily on case detection and medical treatment of active tuberculosis. Drug treatment alone does not completely prevent the occurrence of new infections in the community and also contributes to development of drug resistant strains if used improperly or incompletely. Although the treatment of active cases can reduce the period of transmission of disease, a significant amount of transmission to contacts occurs even before they have been diagnosed and treated. Additionally, this approach cannot prevent re-activation to active TB in the vast pool of persons with latent TB infection. Tuberculosis occurs in those with suppressed cell mediated immunity mainly due to poor nutritional status. Improving the nutritional status of the society by several social interventions hand-in-hand with utilizing the available anti-tuberculous drugs is possibly the only effective strategy. Promising programmatic guidance for nutritional support in TB patients have been formulated by the Central TB division of India but it needs a refocusing of TB control strategies towards nutrition at all levels and strong public health actions for effective implementation.
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9.
Nutritional and vitamin status in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms.
Clement, DS, Tesselaar, ME, van Leerdam, ME, Srirajaskanthan, R, Ramage, JK
World journal of gastroenterology. 2019;(10):1171-1184
Abstract
Symptoms of gastroenteropancreatic located neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are often related to food intake and manifest as abdominal pain or diarrhoea which can influence patients nutritional status. Malnutrition is common in cancer patients and influences quality of life, treatment options and survival but is also present in up to 40% of patients with GEP-NENs. As part of malnutrition there are often deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamin D. Little knowledge exists on trace elements. Several factors influence the development of malnutrition such as size and localisation of the primary tumour as well as metastases, side effects from treatment but also hormone production of the tumour itself. One of the main influencing factors leading to malnutrition is diarrhoea which leads to dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Treatment of diarrhoea should be guided by its cause. Screening for malnutrition should be part of routine care in every GEP-NEN patient. Multidisciplinary treatment including dietician support is necessary for all malnourished patients with GEP-NENs.
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10.
Clinical practice guideline on undernutrition in chronic kidney disease.
Wright, M, Southcott, E, MacLaughlin, H, Wineberg, S
BMC nephrology. 2019;(1):370