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1.
Intraarticular Hyaluronic Acid Preparations for Knee Osteoarthritis: Are Some Better Than Others?
Webner, D, Huang, Y, Hummer, CD
Cartilage. 2021;(1_suppl):1619S-1636S
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This literature review summarizes evidence on the safety and efficacy of intraarticular hyaluronic acid (IAHA) preparations approved in the United States for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. DESIGN A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and SCOPUS databases. Only studies in which clinical outcomes of individual IAHA preparations alone could be assessed when compared to placebo, no treatment, other standard knee osteoarthritis treatments, and IAHA head-to-head studies were selected. RESULTS One hundred nine articles meeting our inclusion criteria were identified, including 59 randomized and 50 observational studies. Hylan G-F 20 has been the most extensively studied preparation, with consistent results confirming efficacy in placebo-controlled studies. Efficacy is also consistently reported for Supartz, Monovisc, and Euflexxa, but not for Hyalgan, Orthovisc, and Durolane. In the head-to-head trials, high-molecular-weight (MW) Hylan G-F 20 was consistently superior to low MW sodium hyaluronate preparations (Hyalgan, Supartz) up to 20 weeks, whereas one study reported that Durolane was noninferior to Supartz. Head-to-head trials comparing high versus medium MW preparations all used Hylan G-F 20 as the high MW preparation. Of the IAHA preparations with strong evidence of efficacy in placebo-controlled studies, Euflexxa was found to be noninferior to Hylan G-F 20. There are no direct comparisons to Monovisc. One additional IAHA preparation (ie, Synovial), which has not been assessed in placebo-controlled studies, was also noninferior to Hylan G-F 20. CONCLUSION IAHA efficacy varies widely across preparations. High-quality studies are required to assess and compare the safety and efficacy of IAHA preparations.
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Alternative and complementary therapies in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair.
Fuggle, NR, Cooper, C, Oreffo, ROC, Price, AJ, Kaux, JF, Maheu, E, Cutolo, M, Honvo, G, Conaghan, PG, Berenbaum, F, et al
Aging clinical and experimental research. 2020;(4):547-560
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint condition and, with a burgeoning ageing population, is due to increase in prevalence. Beyond conventional medical and surgical interventions, there are an increasing number of 'alternative' therapies. These alternative therapies may have a limited evidence base and, for this reason, are often only afforded brief reference (or completely excluded) from current OA guidelines. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize the current evidence regarding autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), vitamin D and other alternative therapies. The majority of studies were in knee OA or chondral defects. Matrix-assisted ACI has demonstrated exceedingly limited, symptomatic improvements in the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee and is not supported for the treatment of knee OA. There is some evidence to suggest symptomatic improvement with MSC injection in knee OA, with the suggestion of minimal structural improvement demonstrated on MRI and there are positive signals that PRP may also lead to symptomatic improvement, though variation in preparation makes inter-study comparison difficult. There is variability in findings with vitamin D supplementation in OA, and the only recommendation which can be made, at this time, is for replacement when vitamin D is deplete. Other alternative therapies reviewed have some evidence (though from small, poor-quality studies) to support improvement in symptoms and again there is often a wide variation in dosage and regimens. For all these therapeutic modalities, although controlled studies have been undertaken to evaluate effectiveness in OA, these have often been of small size, limited statistical power, uncertain blindness and using various methodologies. These deficiencies must leave the question as to whether they have been validated as effective therapies in OA (or chondral defects). The conclusions of this review are that all alternative interventions definitely require clinical trials with robust methodology, to assess their efficacy and safety in the treatment of OA beyond contextual and placebo effects.
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Conservative Management and Rehabilitation in the Older Runner With Knee Osteoarthritis: An Evidence-Based Review.
Castillo, B, Sepúlveda, F, Micheo, W
American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 2019;(5):416-421
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is an age-related condition that commonly affects the middle-aged and elderly population including individuals who continue to pursue an active and athletic lifestyle. Running is an easily accessible activity with many health benefits; thus, it is becoming a popular form of exercise, even in older individuals. Studies evaluating the correlation between running and osteoarthritis show conflicting results; however, most studies show an increased risk of osteoarthritis in runners with a combination of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. This study reviews the current literature to provide an overview of conservative (nonpharmacological and pharmacological) management strategies including patient education, therapeutic modalities and exercises, mechanical measures, dietary factors, oral and injectable pharmacotherapies, and orthobiologics. Rehabilitation considerations and return-to-sport guidelines are discussed, emphasizing the notion that a return to running activity requires reduction in mileage and formulation of a structured exercise program that includes strengthening, flexibility, and stability exercises, as well as modifications in the running technique.
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Noninterventional Therapies for the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis.
Dadabo, J, Fram, J, Jayabalan, P
The journal of knee surgery. 2019;(1):46-54
Abstract
The goal of the practitioner managing a patient with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is to minimize pain and optimize their function. Several noninterventional (noninjectable) therapies are available for these individuals, each having varying levels of efficacy. An individualized approach to the patient is most beneficial in individuals with knee OA and the treatment plan the practitioner chooses should be based on this principle. The focus of this article is to provide an up-to-date overview of the treatment strategies available, evidence to support them, and in whom these treatments would be most appropriate. These include exercise (aerobic and resistance), weight loss, bracing and orthotics, topical and oral analgesic medications, therapeutic modalities, and oral supplements.
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A pragmatic approach to prevent post-traumatic osteoarthritis after sport or exercise-related joint injury.
Whittaker, JL, Roos, EM
Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology. 2019;(1):158-171
Abstract
Lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries are common in sport and exercise, and associated with increased risk of obesity and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Unlike other forms of osteoarthritis, PTOA is common at a younger age and associated with more rapid progression, which may impact career choices, long-term general health and reduce quality of life. Individuals who suffer an activity-related joint injury and present with abnormal joint morphology, elevated adiposity, weak musculature, or become physically inactive are at increased risk of PTOA. Insufficient exercise therapy or incomplete rehabilitation, premature return-to-sport and re-injury, unrealistic expectations, or poor nutrition may further elevate this risk. Delay in surgical interventions in lieu of exercise therapy to optimize muscle strength and neuromuscular control while addressing fear of movement to guarantee resumption of physical activity, completeness of rehabilitation before return-to-sport, education that promotes realistic expectations and self-management, and nutritional counseling are the best approaches for delaying or preventing PTOA.
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Glucosamine may be Effective in Treating Pain due to Knee Osteoarthritis.
Doshi, R, Ostrovsky, D
Explore (New York, N.Y.). 2019;(4):317-319
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Effectiveness of 3 Weekly Injections Compared With 5 Weekly Injections of Intra-Articular Sodium Hyaluronate on Pain Relief of Knee Osteoarthritis or 3 Weekly Injections of Other Hyaluronan Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Stitik, TP, Issac, SM, Modi, S, Nasir, S, Kulinets, I
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2017;(5):1042-1050
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the number of hyaluronic acid (HA) injections in a sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) course of therapy alters effectiveness in reducing knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases, including PubMed and Embase, were searched from January 1980 until November 2015. STUDY SELECTION We included clinical studies that evaluated the effectiveness of a course of 3 or 5 weekly intra-articular injections of Hyalgan to treat knee OA pain. We also included clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of a 3-week course of other Food and Drug Administration-approved HA treatments of knee OA pain. Twenty-four studies were identified, comprising 2168 study participants in 30 treated cohorts. DATA EXTRACTION We determined effect sizes for selected studies by extracting knee OA pain scores before and after HA or control treatments. Meta-regressions were implemented to determine whether the number of weekly injections in a course of Hyalgan therapy modified outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS The pooled estimate for relief from baseline pain was -31.4 (SE, 5.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], -45.5 to -17.4) with a 3-week course of Hyalgan and -32.2 (SE, 5.25; 95% CI, -45.6 to -18.7) with a 5-week course of Hyalgan. Findings from the meta-analysis indicate relief of knee OA pain with a 3-week course of Hyalgan is similar to that with a 5-week course of Hyalgan (P=.916). The pooled estimate for relief from baseline pain with a 3-week course of other HA products was -29.4 (SE, 4.98; 95% CI, -42.2 to -16.6), also indicating pain relief with a 3-week course of Hyalgan is similar to that with a 3-week course of other HA products (P=.696). CONCLUSIONS There was no statistical difference between reduction in knee OA pain with a 3-week course of Hyalgan compared with reduction in knee OA pain with a 5-week course of Hyalgan or a 3-week course of other HA products. These findings demonstrate that comparable knee OA pain relief is achieved with a 3-week course of Hyalgan and the 2 control groups.
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Cryotherapy Treatment After Unicompartmental and Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Review.
Chughtai, M, Sodhi, N, Jawad, M, Newman, JM, Khlopas, A, Bhave, A, Mont, MA
The Journal of arthroplasty. 2017;(12):3822-3832
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryotherapy is widely utilized to enhance recovery after knee surgeries. However, the outcome parameters often vary between studies. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare (1) no cryotherapy vs cryotherapy; (2) cold pack cryotherapy vs continuous flow device cryotherapy; (3) various protocols of application of these cryotherapy methods; and (4) cost-benefit analysis in patients who had unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS A search for "knee" and "cryotherapy" using PubMed, EBSCO Host, and SCOPUS was performed, yielding 187 initial reports. After selecting for RCTs relevant to our study, 16 studies were included. RESULTS Of the 8 studies that compared the immediate postoperative outcomes between patients who did and did not receive cryotherapy, 5 studies favored cryotherapy (2 cold packs and 3 continuous cold flow devices). Of the 6 studies comparing the use of cold packs and continuous cold flow devices in patients who underwent UKA or TKA, 3 favor the use of continuous flow devices. There was no difference in pain, postoperative opioid consumption, or drain output between 2 different temperature settings of continuous cold flow device. CONCLUSION The optimal device to use may be one that offers continuous circulating cold flow, as there were more studies demonstrating better outcomes. In addition, the pain relieving effects of cryotherapy may help minimize pain medication use, such as with opioids, which are associated with numerous potential side effects as well as dependence and addiction. Meta-analysis on the most recent RCTs should be performed next.
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How does total knee replacement technique influence polyethylene wear?
Massin, P
Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR. 2017;(1S):S21-S27
Abstract
In knee prostheses, wear is inherent to the tribology of the imperfectly congruent surfaces, one in chromium-cobalt alloy, the other in polyethylene. It is a multifactorial phenomenon, involving the properties of the respective materials and implant design, but also implant functioning, as determined by the implantation technique. There are still dark corners in the implantation charge book, especially concerning minimal insert thickness, the adjustment of tibiofemoral alignment and ligament balance. A review of the literature revealed consensus regarding minimal insert thickness (8mm), tibiofemoral alignment (to be kept within 5° on either side of the neutral axis) and ligament balance (identical collateral ligament tension in both extension and flexion spaces). Finer adjustment seems desirable. Tibiofemoral alignment is probably customizable according to individual patient morphology and weight. The rotational alignment of the components should allow harmonious patellar engagement. Classic ligament balance rules underestimate sagittal laxity, which needs checking to prevent paradoxical movement accelerating polymer delamination. Navigation techniques or specific ancillaries can help optimize implant component alignment. Control of sagittal laxity may require specific adaptation, notably in the flexion space. Improved implantation technique could postpone wear onset until beyond the 10th or even 20th postoperative year, barring material failure for other reasons.
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Safety and efficacy of topical ketoprofen in transfersome gel in knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review.
Sardana, V, Burzynski, J, Zalzal, P
Musculoskeletal care. 2017;(2):114-121
Abstract
PURPOSE Topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel has been used for the alleviation of symptoms in osteoarthritis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with various side effects. Topical NSAIDs are known to have a lower side-effect profile when compared with systemic administration. The present systematic review aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel in knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A systematic literature review was performed. The electronic databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, HealthStar and PubMed were searched from 1946 to June 2016. A screen of the reference sections of the included studies was also performed. Two blinded reviewers searched, screened, abstracted and evaluated the data quality using the Jadad scale. Studies were included if they contained: at least 50% of participants with knee OA, topical ketoprofen, human subjects and participants from North America or Europe. Study outcomes had to include patient-reported functional outcome scores. RESULTS Five studies were included, with a total of 3619 participants, and a mean Jadad score of 3.4/5. Western Ontario McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index was the only outcome measure consistent across all of the randomized controlled trials included in the present review (four of the five included studies). All topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel groups (25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg) had improvements in pain that were superior to all other treatment arms, and the 50 mg topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel group had functional gains that were superior to all other treatment arms. The majority of the adverse events were non-serious and related to skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, with erythema being the most common. The average of all adverse events and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events was highest in the oral celecoxib group (47.1% and 15.1%, respectively). The average frequency of GI adverse events in the topical ketoprofen groups was comparable with that in the topical placebo treatment arm. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to the heterogeneity among the studies. CONCLUSIONS Topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel is an effective means of treating symptoms of knee OA, and is superior to oral celecoxib, oral placebo and topical placebo. The most commonly reported adverse events associated with the use of topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel were non-severe skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. Furthermore, as topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel was associated with fewer adverse events when compared with oral celecoxib, and had rates of GI adverse events comparable with those of topical placebo, it may be ideal for those who are unable to take oral NSAIDs.