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1.
The Polyphenols as Potential Agents in Prevention and Therapy of Prostate Diseases.
Pejčić, T, Tosti, T, Džamić, Z, Gašić, U, Vuksanović, A, Dolićanin, Z, Tešić, Ž
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;(21)
Abstract
In recent years, the progress of science and medicine greatly has influenced human life span and health. However, lifestyle habits, like physical activity, smoking cessation, moderate alcohol consumption, diet, and maintaining a normal body weight represent measures that greatly reduce the risk of various diseases. The type of diet is very important for disease development. Numerous epidemiological clinical data confirm that longevity is linked to predominantly plant-based diets and it is related to a long life; whereas the western diet, rich in red meat and fats, increases the risk of oxidative stress and thus the risk of developing various diseases and pre-aging. This review is focused on the bioavailability of polyphenols and the use of polyphenols for the prevention of prostate diseases. Special focus in this paper is placed on the isoflavonoids and flavan-3-ols, subgroups of polyphenols, and their protective effects against the development of prostate diseases.
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2.
Factors influencing the cardiometabolic response to (poly)phenols and phytosterols: a review of the COST Action POSITIVe activities.
Gibney, ER, Milenkovic, D, Combet, E, Ruskovska, T, Greyling, A, González-Sarrías, A, de Roos, B, Tomás-Barberán, F, Morand, C, Rodriguez-Mateos, A
European journal of nutrition. 2019;(Suppl 2):37-47
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Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence exists regarding the beneficial effects of diets rich in plant-based foods regarding the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases. These plant-based foods are an exclusive and abundant source of a variety of biologically active phytochemicals, including polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates and phytosterols, with known health-promoting effects through a wide range of biological activities, such as improvements in endothelial function, platelet function, blood pressure, blood lipid profile and insulin sensitivity. We know that an individual's physical/genetic makeup may influence their response to a dietary intervention, and thereby may influence the benefit/risk associated with consumption of a particular dietary constituent. This inter-individual variation in responsiveness has also been described for dietary plant bioactives but has not been explored in depth. To address this issue, the European scientific experts involved in the COST Action POSITIVe systematically analyzed data from published studies to assess the inter-individual variation in selected clinical biomarkers associated with cardiometabolic risk, in response to the consumption of plant-based bioactives (poly)phenols and phytosterols. The present review summarizes the main findings resulting from the meta-analyses already completed. RESULTS Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials conducted within POSITIVe suggest that age, sex, ethnicity, pathophysiological status and medication may be responsible for the heterogeneity in the biological responsiveness to (poly)phenol and phytosterol consumption and could lead to inconclusive results in some clinical trials aiming to demonstrate the health effects of specific dietary bioactive compounds. However, the contribution of these factors is not yet demonstrated consistently across all polyphenolic groups and cardiometabolic outcomes, partly due to the heterogeneity in trial designs, low granularity of data reporting, variety of food vectors and target populations, suggesting the need to implement more stringent reporting practices in the future studies. Studies investigating the effects of genetic background or gut microbiome on variability were limited and should be considered in future studies. CONCLUSION Understanding why some bioactive plant compounds work effectively in some individuals but not, or less, in others is crucial for a full consideration of these compounds in future strategies of personalized nutrition for a better prevention of cardiometabolic disease. However, there is also still a need for the development of a substantial evidence-base to develop health strategies, food products or lifestyle solutions that embrace this variability.
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3.
Putative Effects of Nutritive Polyphenols on Bone Metabolism In Vivo-Evidence from Human Studies.
Austermann, K, Baecker, N, Stehle, P, Heer, M
Nutrients. 2019;(4)
Abstract
For the prevention and treatment of bone loss related diseases, focus has been put on naturally derived substances such as polyphenols. Based on human intervention studies, this review gives an overview of the effects of dietary significant polyphenols (flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and stilbenes) on bone turnover. Literature research was conducted using PubMed database and articles published between 01/01/2008 and 31/12/2018 were included (last entry: 19/02/2019). Randomized controlled trials using oral polyphenol supplementation, either of isolated polyphenols or polyphenols-rich foods with healthy subjects or study populations with bone disorders were enclosed. Twenty articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and the average study quality (mean Jadad score: 4.5) was above the pre-defined cut-off of 3.0. Evidence from these studies does not allow an explicit conclusion regarding the effects of dietary important polyphenols on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. Differences in study population, habitual diet, lifestyle factors, applied polyphenols, used doses, and polyphenol bioavailability complicate the comparison of study outcomes.
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4.
Potential Natural Food Preservatives and Their Sustainable Production in Yeast: Terpenoids and Polyphenols.
Lyu, X, Lee, J, Chen, WN
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2019;(16):4397-4417
Abstract
Terpenoids and polyphenols are high-valued plant secondary metabolites. Their high antimicrobial activities demonstrate their huge potential as natural preservatives in the food industry. With the rapid development of metabolic engineering, it has become possible to realize large-scale production of non-native terpenoids and polyphenols by using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a cell factory. This review will summarize the major terpenoid and polyphenol compounds with high antimicrobial properties, describe their native metabolic pathways as well as antimicrobial mechanisms, and highlight current progress on their heterologous biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. Current challenges and perspectives for the sustainable production of terpenoid and polyphenol as natural food preservatives via S. cerevisiae will also be discussed.
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5.
Anticancer effects of olive oil polyphenols and their combinations with anticancer drugs.
Torić, J, Marković, AK, Brala, CJ, Barbarić, M
Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia). 2019;(4):461-482
Abstract
Cancer presents one of the leading causes of death in the world. Current treatment includes the administration of one or more anticancer drugs, commonly known as chemotherapy. The biggest issue concerning the chemotherapeutics is their toxicity on normal cells and persisting side effects. One approach to the issue is chemoprevention and the other one is the discovery of more effective drugs or drug combinations, including combinations with polyphenols. Olive oil polyphenols (OOPs), especially hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), tyrosol (Tyr) and their derivatives oleuropein (Ole), oleacein and oleocanthal (Oc) express anticancer activity on different cancer models. Recent studies report that phenolic extract of virgin olive oil may be more effective than the individual phenolic compounds. Also, there is a growing body of evidence about the combined treatment of OOPs with various anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, tamoxifen, doxorubicin and others. These novel approaches may present an advanced strategy in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Polyphenolic natural products and natural product-inspired steroidal mimics as aromatase inhibitors.
Nielsen, AJ, McNulty, J
Medicinal research reviews. 2019;(4):1274-1293
Abstract
The discovery of biologically active polyphenolic natural products, including chalcones, stilbenes, flavanones, and isoflavones as steroidal mimics has proven to be a subject of considerable importance in medicine. Some of these natural compounds have been shown to modulate key human metabolic processes via steroidal hormone receptors, or to inhibit crucial enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of steroidal hormones themselves. Isoflavone polyphenolics such as genistein are well known for this "phytoestrogenic" biological activity. This review focuses on the ability of select polyphenolics and their synthetic derivatives to function as steroidal mimics in the inhibition of the enzyme aromatase, thereby lowering production of endogenous estrogen growth hormones. The discovery of potent, natural product-based aromatase inhibitors (AIs) as hit compounds has led to the introduction of steroidal-based irreversible inhibitors, such as exemestane and reversible AIs such as anastrozole and letrozole, now standard therapy in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and other hormone related indications. Pursuit of this strategy over the last few decades has been largely successful although complications and challenges remain. This review highlights the aromatase activity of natural stilbenes, chalcones, and flavanones and synthetically inspired versions thereof and draws attention to new and under-investigated areas within each class worthy of pursuit.
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7.
Mexican Traditional Plant-Foods: Polyphenols Bioavailability, Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Impact Human Health.
Mercado-Mercado, G, Blancas-Benítez, FJ, Zamora-Gasga, VM, Sáyago-Ayerdi, SG
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(32):3434-3456
Abstract
Functional foods have been used worldwide since ancient times, particularly, the prehispanic civilizations used several plants as medicinal foods. Nowadays, many Mexicans populations preserve their traditions and dietary patterns based on corn, beans, besides other endemic vegetables, mainly diverse varieties of chili, tomatoes and other plant-foods. It is well known that each species has a special complex mixture of bioactive compounds (BC) in which each component contributes to its overall bioactivity. These BC are plant metabolites that benefit human health by means of anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and antioxidant effects. However, it becomes bioactive at human body when these BC must undergo diverse intestinal transformations, due to the action of digestive enzymes, but also by the action of microbiota metabolism. Thus, the intestinal microbiota is the key factor in the mediation of the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. In fact, limited information is available, especially on dietary phytochemicals and metabolism in commonly available Mexican plant-foods. In this review, the bioaccesibility and bioavailability major BC from traditional Mexican plant-foods products and its potential health benefits will be discussed. Besides, we compile the scientific reports and the evidence of the impact of some Mexican plant-foods on the gut microbiota dynamic composition, specific microbial metabolites and its possible contributions to human health.
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8.
Bioactive food compounds, epigenetics and chronic disease prevention: Focus on early-life interventions with polyphenols.
Silva, LBAR, Pinheiro-Castro, N, Novaes, GM, Pascoal, GFL, Ong, TP
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2019;:108646
Abstract
Consumption of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, isothiocyanates, sulfur-containing compounds and terpenoids, found in fruits and vegetables, is associated with prevention of chronic disease. These bioactive food compounds elicit their protective effects through complex mechanisms at the cellular and molecular, including epigenetic levels. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, in utero exposure to stressors such as malnutrition through maternal diet would impair fetal development and epigenetically program increased risk of metabolic diseases and some cancers in adult life. In addition, a role for fathers´ diet during preconception on their offspring health and chronic disease susceptibility has also emerged. This highlights early life as a promising window of opportunity for starting dietary interventions focusing on preventing chronic diseases. However, knowledge on the potential beneficial impact of early life exposure to bioactive food compounds is limited. Among the studies that have investigated bioactive food compounds in the context of DOHaD, most have focused on the impact of dietary polyphenols. Thus, in this review we discuss experimental evidence supporting a role for the dietary polyphenols resveratrol, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and anthocyanins in chronic disease prevention considering a perspective from early-life interventions through maternal and paternal diets and focusing on epigenetics as a potential underlying mechanism.
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9.
Metabolic syndrome, Mediterranean diet, and polyphenols: Evidence and perspectives.
Finicelli, M, Squillaro, T, Di Cristo, F, Di Salle, A, Melone, MAB, Galderisi, U, Peluso, G
Journal of cellular physiology. 2019;(5):5807-5826
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors that includes insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and visceral obesity. The clinical significance of MetS consists of identifying a subgroup of patients sharing a common physiopathological state predisposing to chronic diseases. Clinical and scientific studies pinpoint lifestyle modification as an effective strategy aiming to reduce several features accountable for the risk of MetS onset. Among the healthy dietary patterns, the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) emerges in terms of beneficial properties associated with longevity. Current evidence highlights the protective effect exerted by MedDiet on the different components of MetS. Interestingly, the effect exerted by polyphenols contained within the representative MedDiet components (i.e., olive oil, red wine, and nuts) seems to be accountable for the beneficial properties associated to this dietary pattern. In this review, we aim to summarize the principal evidence regarding the effectiveness of MedDiet-polyphenols in preventing or delaying the physiopathological components accountable for MetS onset. These findings may provide useful insights concerning the health properties of MedDiet-polyphenols as well as the novel targets destined to a tailored approach to MetS.
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10.
The delivery of sensitive food bioactive ingredients: Absorption mechanisms, influencing factors, encapsulation techniques and evaluation models.
Bao, C, Jiang, P, Chai, J, Jiang, Y, Li, D, Bao, W, Liu, B, Liu, B, Norde, W, Li, Y
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2019;:130-140
Abstract
Food-sourced bioactive compounds have drawn much attention due to their health benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes and cardiovascular disease-preventing functions. However, the poor solubility, low stability and limited bioavailability of sensitive bioactive compounds greatly limited their application in food industry. Therefore, numbers of carriers were developed for improving their dispersibility, stability and bioavailability. This review addresses the digestion and absorption mechanisms of bioactive compounds in epithelial cells based on several well-known in vitro and in vivo models. Factors such as environmental stimuli, stomach conditions and mucus barrier influencing the utilization efficacy of the bioactive compounds are discussed. Delivery systems with enhanced utilization efficacy, such as complex coacervates, cross-linked polysaccharides, self-assembled micro-/nano-particles and Pickering emulsions are compared. It is a comprehensive multidisciplinary review which provides useful guidelines for application of bioactive compounds in food industry.