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1.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Lanza di Scalea, T, Pearlstein, T
The Medical clinics of North America. 2019;(4):613-628
Abstract
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) comprises emotional and physical symptoms and functional impairment that lie on the severe end of the continuum of premenstrual symptoms. Women with PMDD have a differential response to normal hormonal fluctuations. This susceptibility may involve the serotonin system, altered sensitivity of the GABAA receptor to the neurosteroid allopregnanalone, and altered brain circuitry involving emotional and cognitive functions. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the first-line treatment. Second-line treatments include oral contraceptives containing drospirenone, other ovulation suppression methods, calcium, chasteberry, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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2.
Facets of shared decision-making on drug treatment for adults with an eating disorder.
Himmerich, H, Bentley, J, Lichtblau, N, Brennan, C, Au, K
International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England). 2019;(4):332-346
Abstract
Shared decision-making (SDM) means that clinicians and the patient make decisions about the treatment together. Regarding drug treatment in eating disorders (EDs), such decisions may include psychopharmacological treatment for the ED itself, medications for potential co-morbid psychiatric disorders, pharmacological strategies to alleviate the health consequences of an ED, or 'pro re nata' (PRN) medication which is given in acute care when required. Decisions regarding drug treatment in EDs should be specific in terms of the active pharmacological substance, its dose, its route of administration, and the duration of treatment. Decisions should be made with regard to the specific health risks of patients with EDs and the entire treatment approach, and should take alternative measures, additional therapies, and specific combinations of therapies into account. The differences in the expectations of patients, carers, and clinicians towards drug treatment, the lack of specific suggestions in clinical practice guidelines, and the lack of approved psychopharmacological treatment options make SDM necessary, but also a challenge. However, SDM may be limited due to the patient's impaired insight or limited capacity due to the ED. Thus, the legal framework must be taken into consideration.
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3.
Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression in patients with alzheimer's disease: a treatment-resistant depressive disorder.
Lozupone, M, La Montagna, M, D'Urso, F, Piccininni, C, Sardone, R, Dibello, V, Giannelli, G, Solfrizzi, V, Greco, A, Daniele, A, et al
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2018;(8):823-842
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depressive disorders in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a clinical challenge. pharmacological options are often attempted after a period of watchful waiting (8-12 weeks). monoaminergic antidepressant drugs have shown only modest or null clinical benefits, maybe because the etiology of depressive symptoms in ad patients is fundamentally different from that of nondemented subjects. AREAS COVERED The following article looks at the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline, which is one of the most frequently studied antidepressant medications in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It also discusses many other pharmacological approaches that have proven to be inadequate (antipsychotics, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, anticonvulsants, hormone replacement therapy) and new drug classes (mainly affecting glutamate transmission) that are being studied for treating depression in AD. It also gives discussion to the phase II RCT on the alternative drug S47445 and the potential effect on cognition of the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine in older depressed patients. Finally, it discusses the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine. EXPERT OPINION The present RCT methodologies are too disparate to draw firm conclusions. Future studies are required to identify effective and multimodal pharmacological treatments that efficiently treat depression in AD. Genotyping may boost antidepressant treatment success.
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4.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
Hirschtritt, ME, Bloch, MH, Mathews, CA
JAMA. 2017;(13):1358-1367
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with significant impairment and a lifetime prevalence of 1% to 3%; however, it is often missed in primary care settings and frequently undertreated. OBJECTIVE To review the most current data regarding screening, diagnosis, and treatment options for OCD. EVIDENCE REVIEW We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, and systematic reviews that addressed screening and diagnostic and treatment approaches for OCD among adults (≥18 years), published between January 1, 2011, and September 30, 2016. We subsequently searched references of retrieved articles for additional reports. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews were prioritized; case series and reports were included only for interventions for which RCTs were not available. FINDINGS Among 792 unique articles identified, 27 (11 RCTs, 11 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, and 5 reviews/guidelines) were selected for this review. The diagnosis of OCD was revised for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, which addresses OCD separately from anxiety disorders and contains specifiers to delineate the presence of tics and degree of insight. Treatment advances include increasing evidence to support the efficacy of online-based dissemination of cognitive behavioral therapies, which have demonstrated clinically significant decreases in OCD symptoms when conducted by trained therapists. Current evidence continues to support the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as first-line pharmacologic interventions for OCD; however, more recent data support the adjunctive use of neuroleptics, deep-brain stimulation, and neurosurgical ablation for treatment-resistant OCD. Preliminary data suggest safety of other agents (eg, riluzole, ketamine, memantine, N-acetylcysteine, lamotrigine, celecoxib, ondansetron) either in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or as monotherapy in the treatment of OCD, although their efficacy has not yet been established. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The dissemination of computer-based cognitive behavioral therapy and improved evidence supporting it represent a major advancement in treatment of OCD. Although cognitive behavioral therapy with or without selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors remains a preferred initial treatment strategy, increasing evidence that supports the safety and efficacy of neuroleptics and neuromodulatory approaches in treatment-resistant cases provides alternatives for patients whose condition does not respond to first-line interventions.
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5.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Lanza di Scalea, T, Pearlstein, T
The Psychiatric clinics of North America. 2017;(2):201-216
Abstract
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) comprises emotional and physical symptoms and functional impairment that lie on the severe end of the continuum of premenstrual symptoms. Women with PMDD have a differential response to normal hormonal fluctuations. This susceptibility may involve the serotonin system, altered sensitivity of the GABAA receptor to the neurosteroid allopregnanalone, and altered brain circuitry involving emotional and cognitive functions. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the first-line treatment. Second-line treatments include oral contraceptives containing drospirenone, other ovulation suppression methods, calcium, chasteberry, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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6.
[Drugs induced osteopathies].
Aubry-Rozier, B
Revue medicale suisse. 2017;(553):549-553
Abstract
Drug induced bone diseases concerns : induced osteoporosis, induced osteomalacia (by loss of calcium, phosphate or vitamin D) and induced sarcopenia. Some of these drugs are well known, such as anti-hormones, corticotherapy (which could induce all of osteoporosis, osteomalacia and sarcopenia). In the present article, we will focus on 3 others less known but frequently used drugs : iron replacement, proton pump inhibitors therapy, and serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants treatment. For each of them we will discuss the pathophysiological mechanism leading to bone fragility as well as the recommendations of prevention / management to be proposed in case of absolute necessity of the treatment.
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7.
The pharmacological and hormonal therapy of hot flushes in breast cancer survivors.
Wiśniewska, I, Jochymek, B, Lenart-Lipińska, M, Chabowski, M
Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan). 2016;(2):178-82
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Abstract
The side effects of oncological treatment, which appear during or after therapy, are sometimes very annoying for patients and are not adequately treated by physicians. Among the symptoms experienced by breast cancer patients are hot flushes, which result from a natural or cancer therapy-induced menopause. The intensity of hot flushes in breast cancer patients may be more severe than those experienced by women undergoing a natural menopause. Taking into account the incidence of breast cancer and long-lasting hormone-suppression therapies, the problem of hot flushes will affect many women. Hormonal replacement therapy, the most effective therapeutic means for alleviating hot flushes, is usually contraindicated for breast cancer patients. For intense and severe hot flushes, pharmacological treatment using agents from a group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as venlafaxine or citalopram may be introduced. Other agents from different pharmacological groups, such as clonidine, gabapentin, or pregabalin, have also proved to be effective in treating hot flushes. The efficacy of phytoestrogens has not been proven in randomized clinical trials. The importance of the placebo effect in decreasing vasomotor symptoms has also been reported in many research papers. Educating breast cancer patients in lifestyle changes which decrease the frequency and intensity of vasomotor symptoms can offer significant help too. This paper reviews the current state of research in order to assess the options for the treatment of hot flushes in breast cancer survivors.
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8.
Sertraline-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: A Case Report and Literature Review.
Snyder, M, Kish, T
American journal of therapeutics. 2016;(2):e561-5
Abstract
The objective of this study is to report a case of sertraline-induced rhabdomyolysis in a female patient with a history of depression. A 25-year-old Hispanic woman with a history of depression reported to the emergency department (ED) with a chief complaint of muscle swelling and soreness and dark urine. The patient's creatine phosphokinase was 15,103 U/L. Despite treatment with IV normal saline, the patient's symptoms persisted and the creatine phosphokinase continued to rise to a peak of 16,778 U/L on day 2. The patient reported completing a strenuous, although routine, exercise the day before arriving at the ED, and her medication history was only significant for sertraline. Of note, 6 weeks before her visit to the ED, sertraline was increased from 100 mg daily to 150 mg daily. The patient's rhabdomyolysis was attributed to sertraline in conjunction with recent exercise. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-induced rhabdomyolysis has been documented in 5 case reports. Similar to most reports, our patient presented with rhabdomyolysis in the presence of both SSRI use and exercise. Unlike the majority of previous reports, our patient was not taking other medications with documented association to rhabdomyolysis and had performed routine exercise before presenting with rhabdomyolysis. Although the mechanism of SSRI-induced rhabdomyolysis is not known, a theory posits that sertraline may have a role in muscle contraction and relaxation, leading to shorter time to contracture and longer time of contraction. The use of sertraline and other SSRIs may be associated with development of rhabdomyolysis, especially in the presence of strenuous exercise.
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9.
Drugs that may harm bone: Mitigating the risk.
Hant, FN, Bolster, MB
Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2016;(4):281-8
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), certain antiepileptic drugs, and aromatase inhibitors have significant adverse effects on bone. Healthcare providers should monitor the bone health of patients on these agents, supplement their intake of calcium and vitamin D, encourage weight-bearing exercise, and initiate osteoporosis-prevention treatment as indicated.
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10.
Effects of Depression and Serotonergic Antidepressants on Bone: Mechanisms and Implications for the Treatment of Depression.
Fernandes, BS, Hodge, JM, Pasco, JA, Berk, M, Williams, LJ
Drugs & aging. 2016;(1):21-5
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal disease marked by microarchitectural deterioration of the bone matrix and depletion of bone mineral density (BMD), with a consequent increased risk for fragility fractures. It has been frequently associated with depression, which is also a chronic and debilitating disorder with high prevalence. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), first-line agents in the pharmacological treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, have also been shown to negatively affect bone metabolism. SSRIs are the most prescribed antidepressants worldwide and a large number of persons at risk of developing osteoporosis, including older patients, will receive these antidepressants. Therefore, a proper musculoskeletal evaluation of individuals who are being targeted for or using SSRIs is a priority. The aim of this article is to review the evidence regarding the effects of depression and serotonergic antidepressants on bone and its implications for clinical care.