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Skin Carotenoids in Public Health and Nutricosmetics: The Emerging Roles and Applications of the UV Radiation-Absorbing Colourless Carotenoids Phytoene and Phytofluene.
Meléndez-Martínez, AJ, Stinco, CM, Mapelli-Brahm, P
Nutrients. 2019;(5)
Abstract
In this work, the importance of dietary carotenoids in skin health and appearance is comprehensively reviewed and discussed. References are made to their applications in health-promoting and nutricosmetic products and the important public health implications that can be derived. Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UVR)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are attracting increased interest in food science and technology, nutrition, health and cosmetics. These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health-promoting actions, as pinpointed in recent reviews. The growing evidence that these unique UVR-absorbing carotenoids with distinctive structures, properties (light absorption, susceptibility to oxidation, rigidity, tendency to aggregation, or even fluorescence, in the case of phytofluene) and activities can be beneficial in these contexts is highlighted. Additionally, the recommendation that the levels of these carotenoids are considered in properly assessing skin carotenoid status is made.
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2.
Resveratrol as an active ingredient for cosmetic and dermatological applications: a review.
Ratz-Łyko, A, Arct, J
Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology. 2019;(2):84-90
Abstract
Resveratrol is now being increasingly used in cosmetology and dermatology. This polyphenolic phytoalexin present in large amounts in red grapes and berries has a number of scientifically proven health-promoting properties associated with a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, lowering the concentration of low-density lipoprotein, and the ability to inhibit the cyclooxygenases activity. Additionally, it has antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Its popularity in cosmetology and dermatology is primarily associated with proven ability to penetrate the skin barrier and antiaging activity. It has been shown that formulations with resveratrol can stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and contributing to the increase in the concentration of collagen III. Resveratrol has an affinity for the estrogen protein receptors (both ERα and ERβ), thereby contributing to the stimulation of collagen types I and II production. Moreover, resveratrol also has the antioxidant properties, thus can protect cells against oxidative damage associated with the effects of free radicals and UV radiation on the skin by reducing the expression of AP-1 and NF-kB factors and it slows down the process of photoaging of the skin. This study reviews literature on the skin care properties of resveratrol and its dermal bioavailability, metabolism, and dermal safety of application.
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3.
MRA of the skin: mapping for advanced breast reconstructive surgery.
Thimmappa, ND, Vasile, JV, Ahn, CY, Levine, JL, Prince, MR
Clinical radiology. 2019;(1):13-28
Abstract
Autologous breast reconstruction using muscle-sparing free flaps are becoming increasingly popular, although microvascular free flap reconstruction has been utilised for autologous breast reconstructions for >20 years. This innovative microsurgical technique involves meticulous dissection of artery-vein bundle (perforators) responsible for perfusion of the subcutaneous fat and skin of the flap; however, due to unpredictable anatomical variations, preoperative imaging of the donor site to select appropriate perforators has become routine. Preoperative imaging also reduces operating time and enhances the surgeon's confidence in choosing the appropriate donor site for harvesting flaps. Although computed tomography angiography has been widely used for preoperative imaging, concerns over excessive exposure to ionising radiation and poor iodinated contrast agent enhancement of the intramuscular perforator course has made magnetic resonance angiography, the first choice imaging modality in our centre. Magnetic resonance angiography with specific post-processing of the images has established itself as a reliable method for mapping tiny perforator vessels. Multiple donor sites can be imaged in a single setting without concern for ionising radiation exposure. This provides anatomical information of more reconstruction donor site options, so that a surgeon can design a flap of tissue centralised around the best perforator, as well as a back-up perforator, and even a back-up flap option located on a different region of the body. This information is especially helpful in patients with a history of scar tissue from previous surgeries, where the primary choice perforator is found to be damaged or unsuitable intraoperatively. In addition, chest magnetic resonance angiography evaluates recipient site blood vessel suitability including vessel diameters, course, and branching patterns. In this article we provide a broad overview of various skin flaps, clinical indications, advantages and disadvantages of each of these flaps, basic imaging technique, along with advanced sequences for visualising tiny arteries in the groin and in the chest. Post-processing techniques, structure of the report and how automation of the reporting system improves workflow is described. We also describe applications of magnetic resonance angiography in postoperative imaging.
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4.
Vitamin D and the Skin: A Review for Dermatologists.
Navarro-Triviño, FJ, Arias-Santiago, S, Gilaberte-Calzada, Y
Actas dermo-sifiliograficas. 2019;(4):262-272
Abstract
In recent years, the growing interest in the role played by vitamin D in skin disease has given rise to the publication of many studies of the relationship between this vitamin and certain skin conditions. As dermatologists, we need to understand, among other aspects, how vitamin D is synthesized and the main sources in humans, as well as plasma levels and the factors that can modify them. Of particular interest are the latest discoveries about the role of vitamin D in skin diseases such as lupus erythematosus, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, alopecia areata, androgenetic alopecia, melanoma, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Also of interest is the importance of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy in patients on long-term treatment with corticosteroids. In this review, we provide an overview of the most important and most recent information regarding the relationship between vitamin D and skin disease and discuss the importance of assessing individual vitamin D status and correcting deficiencies.
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5.
The rash that leads to eschar formation.
Dunn, C, Rosen, T
Clinics in dermatology. 2019;(2):99-108
Abstract
When confronted with an existent or evolving eschar, the history is often the most important factor used to put the lesion into proper context. Determining whether the patient has a past medical history of significance, such as renal failure or diabetes mellitus, exposure to dead or live wildlife, or underwent a recent surgical procedure, can help differentiate between many etiologies of eschars. Similarly, the patient's overall clinical condition and the presence or absence of fever can allow infectious processes to be differentiated from other causes. This contribution is intended to help dermatologists identify and manage these various dermatologic conditions, as well as provide an algorithm that can be utilized when approaching a patient presenting with an eschar.
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6.
The Skin in Celiac Disease Patients: The Other Side of the Coin.
Abenavoli, L, Dastoli, S, Bennardo, L, Boccuto, L, Passante, M, Silvestri, M, Proietti, I, Potenza, C, Luzza, F, Nisticò, SP
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2019;(9)
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy that primarily affects the small intestine and is characterized by atrophy of intestinal villi. The manifestations of the disease improve following a gluten-free diet (GFD). CD is associated with various extra-intestinal diseases. Several skin manifestations are described in CD patients. The present paper reviews all CD-associated skin diseases reported in the literature and tries to analyze the pathogenic mechanisms possibly involved in these associations. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the possible mechanisms involved in every association between CD and cutaneous manifestations. An abnormal small intestinal permeability seems to be implicated in various dermatological manifestations. However, most of the associations between CD and cutaneous diseases is based on case reports and case series and a few controlled studies. To better assess the real involvement of the cutaneous district in CD patients, large multicentric controlled clinical trials are required.
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7.
Recent Advances in Skin Chemical Sensors.
Piro, B, Mattana, G, Noël, V
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;(20)
Abstract
This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration of volatile organic compounds, and (v) general skin conditions. For each application, the detection of the most relevant analytes is described in terms of transduction principles and sensor performances. Special attention is paid to the biological fluid collection and storage and devices are also analyzed in terms of reusability and lifetime. This review highlights the existing gaps between current performances and those needed to promote effective commercialization of sensors; future developments are also proposed.
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8.
Facial Involvement in Dermatitis Herpetiformis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
Cinats, AK, Parsons, LM, Haber, RM
Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery. 2019;(1):35-37
Abstract
Dermatitis herpetiformis is a cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease that classically presents as a symmetric pruritic vesicular eruption on extensor surfaces. Typical locations include elbows, knees, and buttocks. Facial involvement has been reported rarely. Here, we report a case of a 44-year-old woman with dermatitis herpetiformis presenting as pruritic vesicles on the face that had previously been misdiagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis. Diagnosis was confirmed with direct immunofluorescence demonstrating granular IgA in the papillary dermis. This eruption cleared with topical dapsone 5% gel and a gluten-free diet. We report this case to raise awareness of facial involvement in dermatitis herpetiformis as well as the possibility of topical dapsone as a therapeutic option.
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9.
Injection technique in neurotoxins and fillers: Indications, products, and outcomes.
Alam, M, Tung, R
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2018;(3):423-435
Abstract
Injectable fillers and neuromodulators are used for a range of indications pertaining to the correction of facial aging and disfigurement. Fillers can correct soft tissue loss, depressed scars, and atrophy or asymmetry induced by systemic or local disease. Neuromodulators correct muscle-mediated skin creases, reshape the face, and address right-left functional asymmetry. Among the prepackaged injectable fillers approved by the US Food and Drug administration are hyaluronic acid derivatives, calcium hydroxylapatite, and poly-L-lactic acid; neuromodulators include three types of botulinum toxin type A and one type of type B. Adverse events associated with injections are typically mild, easily managed injection pain, followed by redness, swelling, and bruising. Asymmetry, nodules, ptosis, and intravascular occlusion are less common. Filler and toxin injections are part of a complete treatment plan. Reinjection is typically required to maintain the clinical effect, and combination treatment with laser and energy devices can enhance the aggregate effect.
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10.
An approach on the potential use of probiotics in the treatment of skin conditions: acne and atopic dermatitis.
Mottin, VHM, Suyenaga, ES
International journal of dermatology. 2018;(12):1425-1432
Abstract
Acne and Atopic Dermatitis (AD) are chronic inflammatory skin conditions with severe impact on a patient's life. Current treatments are related to adverse effects and do not represent a definitive cure. The present paper reviews the alterations in skin microbiome, specifically in acne and AD, and aims in searching for potential treatments based on benefic microorganisms, called probiotics. The review was made through bibliographic search of the main databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, Medline) between September 2015 and June 2016. Acne lesions create an environment that facilitates the excess growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). AD is related to an increase in the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) during flare-ups. Some microorganisms have been shown to act not only in the prevention but also in the competition for pathogenic microorganisms and beneficially affect the inflammatory process present in these conditions. Despite the high variety of tested bacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus are the ones which showed the highest potential to control acne, and Vitreoscilla filiformis (V. filiformis), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the treatment of AD. Many of these studies were in vitro, and more detailed research should be performed in order to prove the real efficacy and safety of probiotics in these situations. An interesting alternative seems to be the use of Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by probiotics, responsible for their antimicrobial activity.