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1.
Serum Sodium Concentration and Mental Status in Children With Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
Glaser, NS, Stoner, MJ, Garro, A, Baird, S, Myers, SR, Rewers, A, Brown, KM, Trainor, JL, Quayle, KS, McManemy, JK, et al
Pediatrics. 2021;(3)
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is typically characterized by low or low-normal serum sodium concentrations, which rise as hyperglycemia resolves. In retrospective studies, researchers found associations between declines in sodium concentrations during DKA and cerebral injury. We prospectively investigated determinants of sodium concentration changes and associations with mental status alterations during DKA. METHODS Using data from the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Fluid Therapies Under Investigation in Diabetic Ketoacidosis Trial, we compared children who had declines in glucose-corrected sodium concentrations with those who had rising or stable concentrations. Children were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intravenous fluid protocols that differed in infusion rate and sodium content. Data from the first 4, 8, and 12 hours of treatment were analyzed for 1251, 1086, and 877 episodes, respectively. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, declines in glucose-corrected sodium concentrations were associated with higher sodium and chloride concentrations at presentation and with previously diagnosed diabetes. Treatment with 0.45% (vs 0.9%) sodium chloride fluids was also associated with declines in sodium concentration; however, higher rates of fluid infusion were associated with declines in sodium concentration only at 12 hours. Frequencies of abnormal Glasgow Coma Scale scores and clinical diagnoses of cerebral injury were similar in patients with and without declines in glucose-corrected sodium concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Changes in glucose-corrected sodium concentrations during DKA treatment are influenced by the balance of free-water loss versus sodium loss at presentation and the sodium content of intravenous fluids. Declines in glucose-corrected sodium concentrations are not associated with mental status changes during treatment.
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Effect of 0.9% NaCl compared to plasma-lyte on biomarkers of kidney injury, sodium excretion and tubular transport proteins in patients undergoing primary uncemented hip replacement - a randomized trial.
Østergaard, AM, Jørgensen, AN, Bøvling, S, Ekeløf, NP, Mose, FH, Bech, JN
BMC nephrology. 2021;(1):111
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isotonic saline (IS) is widely used to secure perioperative cardiovascular stability. However, the high amount of chloride in IS can induce hyperchloremic acidosis. Therefore, IS is suspected to increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Biomarkers may have potential as indicators. METHODS In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 38 patients undergoing primary uncemented hip replacement were randomized to IS or PlasmaLyte (PL). Infusion was given during surgery as 15 ml/kg the first hour and 5 ml/kg the following two hours. Urinary samples were collected upon admission and the day after surgery. As surgery was initiated, urine was collected over the course of 4 h. Hereafter, another urine collection proceeded until the morning. Urine was analyzed for markers of AKI neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Arterious and venous blood samples for measurements of pH and plasma electrolytes including chloride (p-Cl) were collected as surgery was initiated, at the end of surgery and the following morning. RESULTS IS induced an increase in p-Cl (111 ± 2 mmol/L after IS and 108 ± 3 after PL, p = 0.004) and a decrease in pH (7.39 ± 0.02 after IS and 7.43 ± 0.03 after PL, p = 0.001). Urinary NGAL excretion increased in both groups (ΔNGAL: 5.5 [4.1; 11.7] μg/mmol creatinine p = 0.004 after IS vs. 5.5 [2.1;9.4] μg/mmol creatinine after PL, p < 0.001). No difference was found between the groups (p = 0.839). Similarly, urinary KIM-1 excretion increased in both groups (ΔKIM-1: IS 115.8 [74.1; 156.2] ng/mmol creatinine, p < 0.001 vs. PL 152.4 [120.1; 307.9] ng/mmol creatinine, p < 0.001). No difference between the groups (p = 0.064). FENa increased (1.08 ± 0.52% after IS and 1.66 ± 1.15% after PL, p = 0.032). ENaC excretion was different within groups (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION A significantly higher plasma chloride and a lower pH was present in the group receiving isotonic saline. However, u-NGAL and u-KIM-1 increased significantly in both groups after surgery despite absence of changes in creatinine. These results indicate that surgery induced subclinical kidney injury. Also, the IS group had a delayed sodium excretion as compared to the PL group which may indicate that IS affects renal sodium excretion differently from PL. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02528448 , 19/08/2015.
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Interim effects of salt substitution on urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS).
Huang, L, Tian, M, Yu, J, Li, Q, Liu, Y, Yin, X, Wu, JH, Marklund, M, Wu, Y, Li, N, et al
American heart journal. 2020;:136-145
Abstract
The Salt Substitute and Stroke Study is an ongoing 5-year large-scale cluster randomized trial investigating the effects of potassium-enriched salt substitute compared to usual salt on the risk of stroke. The study involves 600 villages and 20,996 individuals in rural China. Intermediate risk markers were measured in a random subsample of villages every 12 months over 3 years to track progress against key assumptions underlying study design. Measures of 24-hour urinary sodium, 24-hour urinary potassium, blood pressure and participants' use of salt substitute were recorded, with differences between intervention and control groups estimated using generalized linear mixed models. The primary outcome of annual event rate in the two groups combined was determined by dividing confirmed fatal and non-fatal strokes by total follow-up time in the first 2 years. The mean differences (95% CI) were -0.32 g (-0.68 to 0.05) for 24-hour urinary sodium, +0.77 g (+0.60 to +0.93) for 24-hour urinary potassium, -2.65 mmHg (-4.32 to -0.97) for systolic blood pressure and +0.30 mmHg (-0.72 to +1.32) for diastolic blood pressure. Use of salt substitute was reported by 97.5% in the intervention group versus 4.2% in the control group (P<.0001). The overall estimated annual event rate for fatal and non-fatal stroke was 3.2%. The systolic blood pressure difference and the annual stroke rate were both in line with the statistical assumptions underlying study design. The trial should be well placed to address the primary hypothesis at completion of follow-up.
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Higher Diuretic Requirements in Acute Heart Failure With Admission Hyponatraemia Versus Normonatraemia.
Omar, HR, Guglin, M
Heart, lung & circulation. 2020;(2):233-241
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diuretic requirements in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and hyponatraemia versus normonatraemia on admission has not been previously explored. METHODS The Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE) trial dataset was utilised to examine the characteristics and diuretic requirements of patients with ADHF with hyponatraemia or normonatraemia on admission. RESULTS Patients with ADHF and admission hyponatraemia (n = 103, average Na 130.2 meq/L) had a higher degree of congestion evident in higher frequency of jugular venous distension (JVD) >12 cmH2O (p = 0.007), 2+ lower extremity oedema (p = 0.001), and higher right atrial pressure (p = 0.007), compared with normonatraemic patients (n = 327, average Na 138.6 meq/L). Despite a similar baseline furosemide dose in both groups (median 200 mg), the hyponatraemia group received higher in-hospital furosemide (280 vs. 200 mg, in both groups, respectively, p < 0.001) which represented a higher percentage of furosemide utilisation relative to baseline, compared with the normonatraemia group (33% vs 0%, in both groups respectively, p = 0.007). With in-hospital diuresis, the Na level of hyponatraemic subjects started significantly increasing at discharge and up to 6 months after randomisation-all relative to baseline. Hyponatraemic patients had significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) longitudinally at multiple time points compared with normonataremic patients, but it did not further decrease despite the higher furosemide dose in the former group. CONCLUSION Patients with ADHF and hyponatraemia on admission had a higher degree of congestion and required higher doses of furosemide, compared with normonatraemic subjects. The lower Na and SBP in this instance should not lead to withholding or minimising diuretic dosage which should rather be dictated by volume status.
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Effect of Steamed Potato Bread Intake on Glucose, Lipids, and Urinary Na+ and K+: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Adolescents.
Xu, H, Guo, Y, Lu, S, Ma, Y, Wang, X, Zhao, L, Sun, J
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;(6)
Abstract
Although potatoes are highly nutritious, many epidemiological studies have connected their consumption with abnormal lipids, diabetes, and hypertension. Steamed potato bread has recently become one of China's staple foods. A randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effect of steamed potato bread consumption on Chinese adolescents. Four classes from a high school were randomly selected and assigned to the intervention group (two classes) or control group (two classes). The steamed wheat bread (100% raw wheat flour) and potato bread (raw wheat flour to cooked potato flour ratio of 3:7) were provided to the control group and intervention group as staple food once a school day for 8 weeks, respectively. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had significant net changes in systolic blood pressure (4.6 mmHg, p = 0.010), insulin (-4.35 mIU/L, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (-0.13 mmol/L, p = 0.032), and high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (-0.07 mmol/L, p = 0.010). The urinary level of Na+/K+ did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, the intake of steamed potato bread for 8 weeks resulted in positive effects on the total cholesterol and insulin profiles but a negative effect on the systolic blood pressure and high-density lipoproteins cholesterol of adolescents.
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A Lower Sodium Neapolitan Pizza Prepared with Seawater in Place of Salt: Nutritional Properties, Sensory Characteristics, and Metabolic Effects.
Iaccarino Idelson, P, Russo, O, Iacone, R, D'Elia, L, Giacco, R, Volpe, MG, Strazzullo, P
Nutrients. 2020;(11)
Abstract
Seawater is rich in minerals which may help confer good palatability to foods, favouring the use of smaller amounts of salt, a recognized measure of cardiovascular prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional properties, sensory characteristics and metabolic effects of a typical Neapolitan pizza prepared with seawater (SWP) in place of common salt, in comparison with Standard traditional Pizza (StP). The nutritional characteristics and the chemical profile of the SWP and StP were assessed by chemical analyses and the use of Food Composition Tables. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for a Randomized Controlled Trial, with the consumption of one StP and one SWP using a balanced crossover design. The satiating power and palatability of the two pizzas were tested by the administration of Visual Analogue Scales. Serum glucose, insulin and sodium were measured every 30 min and 3 h urines were collected after each meal. SWP contained nearly 50% less NaCl and a larger amount of micronutrients compared with StP. No significant differences were detected between the two pizzas with regard to satiating power, pleasantness and glycemic and insulinemic response. However, a significant difference was found in the urine volume collected over the 3 h after the two meals (194 mL after StP vs. 292 mL after SWP, p = 0.018) and in the 3 h sodium balance (+1.6 g after StP vs. +0.5 g after SWP, p = 0.002). Conclusions: SWP appears to be a food with favourable nutritional characteristics, very good acceptability and healthy metabolic properties: these results warrant confirmation by a larger intervention trial.
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Evaluation of intradialytic sodium shifts during sodium controlled hemodialysis.
Ponce, P, Pinto, B, Wojke, R, Maierhofer, AP, Gauly, A
The International journal of artificial organs. 2020;(9):620-624
Abstract
Plasma sodium shifts during hemodialysis treatments can be minimized by application of a sodium control algorithm. The present randomized cross-over trial was designed to apply this option on a large patient cohort and to observe the time course of plasma sodium over the treatment. In one study phase, patients received post-dilution online hemodiafiltration treatments with sodium control over the entire treatment. In the other study phase, patients received isolated ultrafiltration during the first 90 min followed by post-dilution online hemodiafiltration with sodium control for the remainder of the session, with the purpose to follow a possible initial equilibration process without the influence of a diffusive solute transfer. Each phase included six treatments and was delivered in randomized order. Eighty-one patients were enrolled, 77 patients could be analyzed as intention-to-treat population. The difference of the mean plasma sodium concentration between start and end of the treatment was -0.60 mmol/L (confidence interval -0.88 to -0.32) and -0.15 mmol/L (confidence interval -0.43 to 0.13), for sodium control and isolated ultrafiltration during the first 90 min followed by post-dilution online hemodiafiltration with sodium control, respectively. The functionality of the sodium control option could be confirmed and further reproduced in a bigger population of dialysis patients, providing the basis to investigate the clinical benefit of individually adjusting dialysate sodium in further clinical studies.
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Effect of Low-Sodium versus Conventional Sodium Dialysate on Left Ventricular Mass in Home and Self-Care Satellite Facility Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Marshall, MR, Vandal, AC, de Zoysa, JR, Gabriel, RS, Haloob, IA, Hood, CJ, Irvine, JH, Matheson, PJ, McGregor, DOR, Rabindranath, KS, et al
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2020;(5):1078-1091
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid overload in patients undergoing hemodialysis contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is a global trend to lower dialysate sodium with the goal of reducing fluid overload. METHODS To investigate whether lower dialysate sodium during hemodialysis reduces left ventricular mass, we conducted a randomized trial in which patients received either low-sodium dialysate (135 mM) or conventional dialysate (140 mM) for 12 months. We included participants who were aged >18 years old, had a predialysis serum sodium ≥135 mM, and were receiving hemodialysis at home or a self-care satellite facility. Exclusion criteria included hemodialysis frequency >3.5 times per week and use of sodium profiling or hemodiafiltration. The main outcome was left ventricular mass index by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The 99 participants had a median age of 51 years old; 67 were men, 31 had diabetes mellitus, and 59 had left ventricular hypertrophy. Over 12 months of follow-up, relative to control, a dialysate sodium concentration of 135 mmol/L did not change the left ventricular mass index, despite significant reductions at 6 and 12 months in interdialytic weight gain, in extracellular fluid volume, and in plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration (ratio of intervention to control). The intervention increased intradialytic hypotension (odds ratio [OR], 7.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.1 to 49.8 at 6 months and OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 0.5 to 28.8 at 12 months). Five participants in the intervention arm could not complete the trial because of hypotension. We found no effect on health-related quality of life measures, perceived thirst or xerostomia, or dietary sodium intake. CONCLUSIONS Dialysate sodium of 135 mmol/L did not reduce left ventricular mass relative to control, despite improving fluid status. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000975998.
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Spot urinary sodium in acute decompensation of advanced heart failure and dilutional hyponatremia: insights from DRAIN trial.
Galluzzo, A, Frea, S, Boretto, P, Pidello, S, Volpe, A, Canavosio, FG, Golzio, PG, Bergerone, S, De Ferrari, GM
Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society. 2020;(10):1251-1259
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diuretic resistance portends a poor prognosis in acute heart failure, especially in advanced stages. Early identification of a poor response to diuretics may help to improve treatment and outcomes. Spot natriuresis (UNa+) at 2 h from the start of intravenous furosemide has been proposed as an early indicator of diuretic response. Our paper aimed to determine the role of early natriuresis in patients hospitalized with advanced chronic heart failure (ACHF) and high risk of diuretic resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a sub-analysis of the DRAIN trial, a randomized clinical trial on 80 patients with acute decompensation of ACHF (NYHA IV, EF ≤ 30%) with low systolic blood pressure (≤ 110 mmHg) and dilutional hyponatremia (sodium ≤ 135 mMol/L) at admission. Patients were divided into two groups according to spot urinary sodium excretion (high: UNa+ > 50 or low: ≤ 50 mEq/L) at 2 h from furosemide administration. Twenty-eight patients (35%) showed a low natriuretic response. As compared to the other patients, this group showed lower daily urinary output (2275 ± 790 vs 3849 ± 2034 mL, p < 0.001), lower body weight reduction after 48 h (1.55 ± - 1.66 vs - 3.55 ± - 2.93 kg, p < 0.001), higher incidence of worsening renal function (32% vs 10%, p 0.02) and increasing rather than reducing NT-proBNP at 72 h (p 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with ACHF and dilutional hyponatremia, low natriuresis after furosemide is an early marker of poor diuretic response and correlates with higher NT-proBNP and higher incidence of worsening renal function at 72 h.
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Lower urine sodium predicts longer length of stay in acute heart failure patients: Insights from the ROSE AHF trial.
Cunningham, JW, Sun, JL, Mc Causland, FR, Ly, S, Anstrom, KJ, Lindenfeld, J, Givertz, MM, Stevenson, LW, Lakdawala, NK
Clinical cardiology. 2020;(1):43-49
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF), low urine sodium concentration (UNa ) after diuretic treatment may identify patients at risk for longer length of stay (LOS) and adverse events. We investigated the prognostic significance of 24-hour cumulative postdiuretic urine sodium concentration in a multicenter clinical trial population. METHODS The Renal Optimization Strategies Evaluation AHF (ROSE AHF) trial randomized 360 patients with AHF and renal dysfunction receiving intravenous diuretic to dopamine, nesiritide, or placebo. Sodium concentration was measured in cumulative urine sample collected during the first 24 hours after randomization in 298 patients. Based on prior studies, lower UNa was defined as ≤60 mmol/L. RESULTS Lower UNa was present in 142 (48%) patients, who had longer LOS (7 days vs 5 days, P < .001) and less 72-hour weight loss (5.7 lb vs 9.0 lb, P < .001). These associations persisted after controlling for baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate and outpatient furosemide dose. Lower UNa did not modify the null effects of dopamine or nesiritide on clinical outcomes. Results were similar for spot rather than cumulative 24-hour UNa concentration. CONCLUSION In patients hospitalized for AHF and renal dysfunction, UNa ≤ 60 mmol/L during the first 24 hours of diuresis identifies patients at risk for prolonged hospitalization but does not provide an indication for adjunctive dopamine or nesiritide.