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1.
Comparative efficacy of active recovery and cold water immersion as post-match recovery interventions in elite youth soccer.
Pooley, S, Spendiff, O, Allen, M, Moir, HJ
Journal of sports sciences. 2020;(11-12):1423-1431
Abstract
The current study compared cold-water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (AR) to static stretching (SS) on muscle recovery post-competitive soccer matches in elite youth players (n = 15). In a controlled crossover design, participants played a total of nine competitive soccer games, comprising three 80 minute games for each intervention (SS, CWI and AR). Muscle oedema, creatine kinase (CK), countermovement jump performance (CMJA) and perceived muscle soreness (PMS) were assessed pre-, immediately post-, and 48 hours post-match and compared across time-intervals and between interventions. Following SS, all markers of muscle damage remained significantly elevated (P < 0.05) compared to baseline at 48 hours post-match. Following AR and CWI, CMJA returned to baseline at 48 hours post-match, whilst CK returned to baseline following CWI at 48 hours post-match only. Analysis between recovery interventions revealed a significant improvement in PMS (P < 0.05) at 48 hours post-match when comparing AR and CWI to SS, with no significant differences between AR and CWI observed (P > 0.05). Analysis of %change for CK and CMJA revealed significant improvements for AR and CWI compared to SS. The present study indicated both AR and CWI are beneficial recovery interventions for elite young soccer players following competitive soccer matches, of which were superior to SS.
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2.
Effect of Wheelchair Stroke Pattern on Upper Extremity Muscle Fatigue.
Bickelhaupt, B, Oyama, S, Benfield, J, Burau, K, Lee, S, Trbovich, M
PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation. 2018;(10):1004-1011
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder dysfunction is common in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) with an incidence of up to 63%. Dysfunction is a result of muscle imbalances, specifically denervated rotator cuff muscles that are repetitively used during manual wheelchair propulsion. OBJECTIVE To determine which arm stroke technique, pump (P) or semicircular (SC), is most energy efficient for long periods of propulsion. DESIGN A randomized study with repeated measures observations. SETTING The study was performed at an institutional gait analysis laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 18 able-bodied (AB) male participants were studied and randomized into one of 2 conditions, SC or P. METHODS Shoulder muscle fatigue was measured by changes in Borg CR10 Rate of Perceived Exertion (Borg RPE) and upper extremity strength via a handheld dynamometer. Participants were studied and assigned into one of 2 conditions of wheelchair arm propulsion patterns, SC or P group, and propelled on a wheelchair treadmill for 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes included recordings of Borg RPE scale during continuous wheelchair propulsion and pre- and post-test dynamometer testing means for bilateral elbow and shoulder extension. Analysis of covariance, t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in analyzing data. RESULTS Although not significant (P = .23), the Borg RPE scores for the SC condition were consistently higher than the scores for the P condition. In addition, the dynamometer pre- and post-test readings demonstrated a larger decrease for the SC condition participants than for the P condition participants, but were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the SC wheelchair propulsion pattern appears to be more fatiguing to shoulder muscles than the P propulsion pattern. However, more data would need to be collected to find a significant difference. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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3.
Red yeast rice induces less muscle fatigue symptom than simvastatin in dyslipidemic patients: a single center randomized pilot trial.
Xue, Y, Tao, L, Wu, S, Wang, G, Qian, L, Li, J, Liao, L, Tang, J, Ji, K
BMC cardiovascular disorders. 2017;(1):127
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 10-15% patients who take statins experience skeletal muscle problems. Red yeast rice has a good safety profile could provide a compromise therapeutic strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of red yeast rice, when compared to simvastatin, on the muscle fatigue symptom and the serum lipid level in dyslipidemic patients with low to moderate cardiovascular risk. METHODS A total of 60 dyslipidemic patients with low to moderate cardiovascular risk were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either simvastatin (n = 33) or red yeast rice (n = 27) for 4 weeks. The muscle fatigue score, the physical activity, the serum lipid profile and the safety profile were then evaluated. RESULTS At the end of study, the fatigue score was significantly increased in patients treated with simvastatin, whereas no significant change was observed in patients receiving red yeast rice. In addition, the physical activity level was significantly decreased in patients from simvastatin group when compared to those from red yeast rice group. Similar lipid-lowering effects were observed in two groups. The safety profile was not affected after the treatments. CONCLUSIONS Among dyslipidemic patients with low to moderate cardiovascular risk, red yeast rice induced less fatigue side effect and exerted comparable lipid-lowering effects when compared to simvastatin in this pilot primary prevention study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01686451 .
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4.
Effect of varying rest intervals between sets of assistance exercises on creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase responses.
Machado, M, Koch, AJ, Willardson, JM, Pereira, LS, Cardoso, MI, Motta, MK, Pereira, R, Monteiro, AN
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2011;(5):1339-45
Abstract
To examine the effects of different rest intervals between sets on serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, 10 men (age = 25.6 ± 2.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 7.1 cm, and body mass = 75.9 ± 10.0 kg) participated in a randomized within-subject design that involved 4 resistance exercise sessions. Each session consisted of 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 10 repetition maximum loads for the chest press, pullover, biceps curl, triceps extension, leg extension, and prone leg curl. The sessions differed only in the length of the rest interval between sets and exercises, specifically: 60, 90, 120, 180 seconds. Serum CK and LDH were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated 24-72 hours after each session, with no significant differences between rest intervals (p = 0.94 and p = 0.99, respectively). The mechanical stress imposed by the 4 resistance exercise sessions invoked similar damage to the muscle fibers independent of the rest interval between sets. These data indicate that the accumulated volume of work is the primary determinant of muscle damage in trained subjects who are accustomed to resistance exercise with short rest intervals.
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5.
Reproducible effects of subjectively assessed muscle fatigue on an inhibitory jaw reflex in humans.
van der Kaaij, NC, Maillou, P, van der Weijden, JJ, Naeije, M, Lobbezoo, F
Archives of oral biology. 2009;(9):879-83
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of exercise-induced, subjectively assessed muscle fatigue on an inhibitory jaw reflex, evoked by electrical stimulation of the upper lip. In addition, the reproducibility of these effects was assessed. DESIGN Eight subjects participated in two experimental sessions that were two weeks apart. During each session, a baseline recording, a post-conditioning recording, and two recovery recordings were obtained. The post-conditioning recording was obtained immediately after provocation of jaw muscle fatigue by intense chewing. The endpoint of provocation was reached 30s after a subject had crossed the value '6' on a 10 cm long visual analogue scale. RESULTS Subjectively assessed jaw muscle fatigue caused a decrease of about 50% in the size of the late inhibition in the post-conditioning recording (ANOVA p=0.001; Bonferroni contrasts: p<0.05). Full recovery to baseline values was already achieved at the first recovery recording. No significant differences were found between both sessions (ANOVA, p=0.677). CONCLUSION Exercise-induced, subjectively assessed jaw muscle fatigue causes a reproducible, transient suppression in the size of the late inhibitory jaw reflex wave.
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6.
No effect of nutritional adenosine receptor antagonists on exercise performance in the heat.
Cheuvront, SN, Ely, BR, Kenefick, RW, Michniak-Kohn, BB, Rood, JC, Sawka, MN
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2009;(2):R394-401
Abstract
Nutritional adenosine receptor antagonists can enhance endurance exercise performance in temperate environments, but their efficacy during heat stress is not well understood. This double-blinded, placebo-controlled study compared the effects of an acute dose of caffeine or quercetin on endurance exercise performance during compensable heat stress (40 degrees C, 20-30% rh). On each of three occasions, 10 healthy men each performed 30-min of cycle ergometry at 50% Vo2peak followed by a 15-min performance time trial after receiving either placebo (Group P), caffeine (Group C; 9 mg/kg), or quercetin (Group Q; 2,000 mg). Serial blood samples, physiological (heart rate, rectal, and mean skin body temperatures), perceptual (ratings of perceived exertion, pain, thermal comfort, motivation), and exercise performance measures (total work and pacing strategy) were made. Supplementation with caffeine and quercetin increased preexercise blood concentrations of caffeine (55.62 +/- 4.77 microM) and quercetin (4.76 +/- 2.56 microM) above their in vitro inhibition constants for adenosine receptors. No treatment effects were observed for any physiological or perceptual measures, with the exception of elevated rectal body temperatures (0.20-0.30 degrees C; P < 0.05) for Group C vs. Groups Q and P. Supplementation did not affect total work performed (Groups P: 153.5 +/- 28.3, C: 157.3 +/- 28.9, and Q: 151.1 +/- 31.6 kJ; P > 0.05) or the self-selected pacing strategy employed. These findings indicate that the nutritional adenosine receptor antagonists caffeine and quercetin do not enhance endurance exercise performance during compensable heat stress.
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7.
Effects of exhaustive dumbbell exercise after isokinetic eccentric damage: recovery of static and dynamic muscle performance.
Sakamoto, A, Maruyama, T, Naito, H, Sinclair, PJ
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2009;(9):2467-76
Abstract
This study examined the recovery of static and dynamic muscle performance after eccentric damage with and without repeated exercise, using different exercise modes between the initial and subsequent exercise bouts. Twelve nonweight-trained adults performed both control and repeated exercise conditions. Soreness, limb circumference, static joint angles, creatine kinase (CK), isometric strength, and dynamic muscle performance involving a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) were monitored for 7 days to evaluate the recovery. After baseline measures, subjects performed 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions (90 degrees/second) of the elbow flexors in each experiment. For the control condition, no treatment was applied. For the repeated exercise condition, 5 sets of arm curls using dumbbells (70% isometric maximal voluntary contraction of each testing day) were performed until failure on days 1, 2, 3, and 5 of recovery. Significant condition vs. time interactions existed in circumference (p = 0.012), static relaxed angle (p = 0.013), isometric strength (p = 0.039), and dynamic extension angle (p = 0.039), suggesting a slightly delayed onset of recovery with the repeated exercise. SSC performance changed more in parallel with soreness after eccentric exercise than did the other measures. It was concluded that the repeated bout effect was present, although slightly reduced, when subsequent exercise performed before recovery was intense and differed in mode from the initial eccentric exercise. Practical applications of this research are that resistance training may be continued after eccentric damage; however, a minor delay in the onset of recovery may occur depending on training modes. Muscle soreness is a good indicator of performance decrement during dynamic movements following eccentric damage.
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8.
Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance.
Rowlands, DS, Thorburn, MS, Thorp, RM, Broadbent, S, Shi, X
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2008;(6):1709-19
Abstract
The ingestion of solutions containing carbohydrates with different intestinal transport mechanisms (e.g., fructose and glucose) produce greater carbohydrate and water absorption compared with single-carbohydrate solutions. However, the fructose-ingestion rate that results in the most efficient use of exogenous carbohydrate when glucose is ingested below absorption-oxidation saturation rates is unknown. Ten cyclists rode 2 h at 50% of peak power then performed 10 maximal sprints while ingesting solutions containing (13)C-maltodextrin at 0.6 g/min combined with (14)C-fructose at 0.0 (No-Fructose), 0.3 (Low-Fructose), 0.5 (Medium-Fructose), or 0.7 (High-Fructose) g/min, giving fructose:maltodextrin ratios of 0.5, 0. 8, and 1.2. Mean (percent coefficient of variation) exogenous-fructose oxidation rates during the 2-h rides were 0.18 (19), 0.27 (27), 0.36 (27) g/min in Low-Fructose, Medium-Fructose, and High-Fructose, respectively, with oxidation efficiencies (=oxidation/ingestion rate) of 62-52%. Exogenous-glucose oxidation was highest in Medium-Fructose at 0.57 (28) g/min (98% efficiency) compared with 0.54 (28), 0.48 (29), and 0.49 (19) in Low-Fructose, High-Fructose, No-Fructose, respectively; relative to No-Fructose, only the substantial 16% increase (95% confidence limits +/-16%) in Medium-Fructose was clear. Total exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation was highest in Medium-Fructose at 0.84 (26) g/min. Although the effect of fructose quantity on overall sprint power was unclear, the metabolic responses were associated with lower perceptions of muscle tiredness and physical exertion, and attenuated fatigue (power slope) in the Medium-Fructose and High-Fructose conditions. With the present solutions, low-medium fructose-ingestion rates produced the most efficient use of exogenous carbohydrate, but fatigue and the perception of exercise stress and nausea are reduced with moderate-high fructose doses.
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9.
Caffeine, carbohydrate, and cooling use during prolonged simulated tennis.
Hornery, DJ, Farrow, D, Mujika, I, Young, WB
International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2007;(4):423-38
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of prolonged simulated tennis on performance and the ergogenic potential of caffeine, carbohydrates, and cooling. METHODS Twelve highly trained male tennis players (age 18.3 +/- 3.0 y, height 178.8 +/- 8.5 cm, body mass 73.95 +/- 12.30 kg, mean +/- SD) performed 4 simulated matches (2 h 40 min) against a ball machine on an indoor hard court. The counterbalanced experimental trials involved caffeine supplementation (3 mg/kg), carbohydrate supplementation (6% solution), precooling and intermittent cooling, and placebo control. Physiological markers (core temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, and blood glucose), subjective responses (ratings of perceived exertion and thermal sensation), stroke velocity and accuracy, serve kinematics, and tennis-specific perceptual skill quantified the efficacy of interventions. RESULTS Significant effects of time (P < .01) reflected increased physiological demand, reduced serve velocity and ground-stroke velocity and accuracy, and a slowing of the serve racket-arm acceleration phase. Caffeine increased serve velocity (165 +/- 15 km/h) in the final set of the match (P = .014) compared with placebo (159 +/- 15 km/h, P = .008) and carbohydrate (158 +/- 13 km/h, P = .001) conditions. Carbohydrate and cooling conditions afforded physiological advantage (increased blood glucose, P < .01, and reduced preexercise thermal sensation, P < .01) but did not affect performance relative to the placebo condition. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged simulated tennis induced significant decrements in tennis skills. Caffeine supplementation partly attenuated the effects of fatigue and increased serve velocity. In contrast, carbohydrate and cooling strategies had little ergogenic effect on tennis performance.
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10.
Functional relationships between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscle activities during gum chewing:
Shimazaki, K, Matsubara, N, Hisano, M, Soma, K
The Angle orthodontist. 2006;(3):452-8
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional relationship between masseter muscle (MM) and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) activities and between mandibular and head movements during mastication, under experimental muscle fatigue. The sample consisted of 12 adults with individually normal occlusion. The subjects were asked to chew gum at three different times: before maximum clenching, immediately after maximum clenching, and 3 minutes after maximum clenching. At these times, we examined the activity of the MM and SCM as well as the movement of the mandible and head. The activity and movement were simultaneously measured using both electromyography and the motion capture system. The MM activity time after clenching was significantly shorter than that before clenching, whereas the SCM activity time was significantly longer after clenching. There was no significant difference in the changes of three-dimensional distance of the mandibular movement between the respective times. On the other hand, the changes in the three-dimensional distance of head movement after clenching increased when compared with before clenching. Furthermore, the difference in the time of MM and SCM activity onset and of mandibular and head movement onset after clenching was shorter than that before clenching. A functional relationship exists between the MM and SCM activities and between mandibular and head movements during mastication.