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Hedonic Hunger Is Associated with Intake of Certain High-Fat Food Types and BMI in 20- to 40-Year-Old Adults.
Chmurzynska, A, Mlodzik-Czyzewska, MA, Radziejewska, A, Wiebe, DJ
The Journal of nutrition. 2021;(4):820-825
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedonic hunger occurs in response to a desire to consume food for pleasure. The μ-opioid system regulates the hedonic impact of food and the opioid receptor mu 1 gene (OPRM1) polymorphism has been associated with fat intake. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether the intake of high-fat food is associated with hedonic hunger and the OPRM1 polymorphism and whether these variables are related to BMI. METHODS Participants were 20- to 40-y-old women and men enrolled in Poznań, Poland in 2016-2018. The frequency of consumption of high-fat food was measured using a validated application for mobile devices. Hedonic hunger was assessed with the use of the Power of Food Scale (PFS). PFS1, PFS2, and PFS3 scores were generated for food available, food present, and food tasted, respectively. Genotyping of rs1799971 in the OPRM1 gene was performed using TaqMan probes. The associations were analyzed using linear regression or logistic regression, as appropriate. RESULTS Hedonic hunger scores were not associated with total high-fat food intake. Total PFS was associated with snack intake (β: 0.16, P = 0.0066). PFS1 was positively associated with healthy high-fat food intake (β: 0.27, P = 0.0001) and PFS2 with sweet high-fat food and fast-food intake (β: 0.27, P = 0.0030). OPRM1 genotype and hedonic hunger interacted on fast-food intake (β: -0.17; P < 0.0154). Total PFS and PFS2 increased the chance of having a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.01; P = 0.0335 and OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.61; P = 0.0001, respectively), whereas PFS3 decreased it (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.87; P = 0.0082). CONCLUSIONS Hedonic hunger is associated with the intake of selected types of high-fat food, but not with its total intake, in people aged 20-40 y. Associations between hedonic hunger and fast-food intake can be modified by OPRM1 genotype. Hedonic hunger is associated with BMI.
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Causal effects of relative fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake on chronic kidney disease: a Mendelian randomization study.
Park, S, Lee, S, Kim, Y, Lee, Y, Kang, MW, Kim, K, Kim, YC, Han, SS, Lee, H, Lee, JP, et al
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2021;(4):1023-1031
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BACKGROUND The effects of specific macronutrients on kidney function independent of total calorie intake have rarely been studied, although the composition of macronutrient intake has been reported to affect health outcomes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of macronutrient intake ratios on the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS The study was an observational cohort study mainly based on the UK Biobank and including MR analysis. First, we evaluated the relative baseline macronutrient composition-that is, the number of calories from each macronutrient divided by total calorie intake-of the diets of UK Biobank participants, and we used Cox regression to assess the incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in 65,164 participants with normal kidney function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2]. We implemented a genetic instrument for relative fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake developed by a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) and performed MR analysis. Two-sample MR was performed with the summary statistics from independent CKDGen GWAS for kidney function traits (n = 567,460), including CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and log-transformed eGFR. RESULTS The median relative macronutrient intake composition at baseline was 35% fats, 15% protein, and 50% carbohydrates. Higher relative protein intake in subjects with normal kidney function was significantly associated with a lower risk of incident ESKD (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.95) in the observational investigation. Two-sample MR indicated that increased relative fat intake causally increased the risk of kidney function impairment [CKD (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.39, 2.71); log eGFR (β: -0.036; 95% CI: -0.048, -0.024)] and that higher relative protein intake was causally linked to a lower CKD risk [CKD (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.72); log eGFR (β: 0.044; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.058)]. CONCLUSIONS A desirable macronutrient composition, including high relative protein intake and low relative fat intake, may causally reduce the risk of CKD in the general population.
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Human intestinal lipid storage through sequential meals reveals faster dinner appearance is associated with hyperlipidemia.
Jacome-Sosa, M, Hu, Q, Manrique-Acevedo, CM, Phair, RD, Parks, EJ
JCI insight. 2021;(15)
Abstract
BackgroundIt is increasingly recognized that intestinal cells can store lipids after a meal, yet the effect of this phenomenon on lipid absorption patterns in insulin resistance remains unknown.MethodsThe kinetics of meal fat appearance were measured in insulin-sensitive (IS, n = 8) and insulin-resistant (IR, n = 8) subjects after sequential, isotopically labeled lunch and dinner meals. Plasma dynamics on triacylglycerol-rich (TAG-rich) lipoproteins and plasma hormones were analyzed using a nonlinear, non-steady state kinetic model.ResultsAt the onset of dinner, IS subjects showed an abrupt plasma appearance of lunch lipid consistent with the "second-meal effect," followed by slower appearance of dinner fat in plasma, resulting in reduced accumulation of dinner TAG of 48% compared with lunch. By contrast, IR subjects exhibited faster meal TAG appearance rates after both lunch and dinner. This effect of lower enterocyte storage between meals was associated with greater nocturnal and next-morning hyperlipidemia. The biochemical data and the kinetic analysis of second-meal effect dynamics are consistent with rapid secretion of stored TAG bypassing lipolysis and resynthesis. In addition, the data are consistent with a role for the diurnal pattern of plasma leptin in regulating the processing of dietary lipid.ConclusionThese data support the concept that intestinal lipid storage may be physiologically beneficial in IS subjects.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02020343.FundingThis study was supported by a grant from the American Diabetes Association (grant 1-13-TS-12).
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Dietary fat content and adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase gene expressions in adults' subcutaneous and visceral fat tissues.
Zareie, R, Yuzbashian, E, Rahimi, H, Asghari, G, Zarkesh, M, Hedayati, M, Djazayery, A, Movahedi, A, Mirmiran, P, Khalaj, A
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2021;:102244
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the association of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) gene expressions, as the key regulators of lipolysis, with dietary fat quantity and composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). METHODS In this observational study, samples were collected from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Participants were categorized into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI) status. Dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected before surgery. Linear regression was performed to determine the association of dietary fat content with ATGL and HSL gene expressions in SAT and VAT. RESULTS 152 individuals with a mean ± SD age of 40.7 ± 13.2 years and a median (inter-quartile range) BMI of 39.4 (26.5-45.3 kg/m2) participated in this study, of whom 54 were non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2), and 98 were obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). Among non-obese participants, positive associations were observed between ATGL mRNA expression and reported intakes of total fatty acids (TFA) (β=0.306, P = 0.025), myristic (β=0.285, P = 0.038), palmitic (β=0.417, P = 0.002), oleic (β=0.333, P = 0.017), dairy trans (β=0.374, P = 0.006), and other trans FAs (β=0.369, P = 0.006) in SAT. In contrast, inverse associations between HSL mRNA expression and reported intakes of TFAs (β=-0.377, P = 0.005), myristic (β=-0.282, P = 0.039), palmitic (β=-0.372, P = 0.006), stearic (β=-0.314, P = 0.020), and oleic acid (β=-0.372, P = 0.007) were observed in SAT. No associations were observed among obese participants, nor in VAT among non-obese individuals. CONCLUSION ATGL and HSL mRNA expressions in SAT were associated with dietary fat quantity and composition among non-obese adults.
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Effect of dietary energy and polymorphisms in BRAP and GHRL on obesity and metabolic traits.
Imaizumi, T, Ando, M, Nakatochi, M, Yasuda, Y, Honda, H, Kuwatsuka, Y, Kato, S, Kondo, T, Iwata, M, Nakashima, T, et al
Obesity research & clinical practice. 2018;(Suppl 2):39-48
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity, a risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, is a major health concerns among middle-aged men. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association of dietary habits and obesity related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with obesity and metabolic abnormalities. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using annual health examination data of 5112 male workers, obtained between 2007 and 2011. Average dietary energy was estimated using electronically collected meal purchase data from cafeteria. We examined 8 SNPs related to obesity: GHRL rs696217, PPARG rs1175544, ADIPOQ rs2241766, ADIPOQ rs1501299, PPARD rs2016520, APOA5 rs662799, BRAP rs3782886, and ITGB2 rs235326. We also examined whether SNPs that were shown to associate with obesity affect other metabolic abnormalities such as blood pressure (BP), glucose, and lipid profile. RESULTS Average dietary energy significantly associated with increased abdominal circumference (AC) and body mass index (BMI). The odds ratios (ORs) of overweight and obesity also increased. The major allele of rs696217 significantly increased BMI and an increased OR with obesity, while the minor allele of rs3782886 was associated with significantly decreased AC and the decreased ORs with overweight and obesity. The minor allele of rs3782886 was also associated with significantly decreased systolic BP (SBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fasting blood sugar (FBS), while rs696217 was not associated with other metabolic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Average dietary energy in lunch, rs3782886, and rs696217 were associated with obesity, and rs3782886 was associated with other metabolic abnormalities.
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Prevalence and risk factors of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes among Chinese children and adolescents: a national observational study.
Wang, Z, Zou, Z, Wang, H, Jing, J, Luo, J, Zhang, X, Luo, C, Zhao, H, Pan, D, Ma, J, et al
The British journal of nutrition. 2018;(7):813-819
Abstract
The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has reportedly increased significantly among Chinese children and adolescents. We aimed to examine the prevalence of IFG and DM, the disparities in sex and region and related risk factors among Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 16 434 Chinese children aged 6-17 years were selected from a national cross-sectional survey, and fasting glucose was measured for all participants. Overall, mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration was (4·64 (sd 0·51)) mmol/l, and the prevalence of DM and IFG was 0·10 and 1·89 %, respectively. Compared with girls, boys had higher FPG concentration (4·69 v. 4·58 mmol/l, r 0·107, P<0·001) and IFG prevalence (2·67 v. 1·07 %, r φ 0·059, P<0·001). Compared with rural children and adolescents, urban children and adolescent had higher FPG concentration (4·65 v. 4·62 mmol/l, r 0·029, P<0·001) and DM prevalence (0·15 v. 0·05 %, r φ 0·016, P<0·01). In addition, self-reported fried foods intake and overweight/obesity were positively associated with IFG, and the proportion of consuming fried foods more than or equal to once per week and overweight/obesity prevalence in boys and urban children and adolescents were significantly higher than girls and rural children and adolescents, respectively (P<0·05). Although the prevalence of IFG and DM was relatively low in Chinese children and adolescents, sex and region disparities were observed, which may be associated with differences in overweight/obesity prevalence and dietary factors.
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Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in cystic fibrosis: dose, variability and coefficient of fat absorption.
Calvo-Lerma, J, Martínez-Barona, S, Masip, E, Fornés, V, Ribes-Koninckx, C
Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas. 2017;(10):684-689
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) remains a backbone in the nutritional treatment of cystic fibrosis. Currently, there is a lack of an evidence-based tool that allows dose adjustment. To date, no studies have found an association between PERT dose and fat absorption. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the influence of both the PERT dose and the variability in this dose on the coefficient of fat absorption (CFA). METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study of 16 pediatric patients (192 food records) with three consecutive visits to the hospital over a twelve-month period. Dietary fat intake and PERT were assessed via a four-day food record and fat content in stools was determined by means of a three-day stool sample collection. A beta regression model was built to explain the association between the CFA and the interaction between the PERT dose (lipase units [LU]/g dietary fat) and the variability in the PERT dose (standard deviation [SD]). RESULTS The coefficient of fat absorption increased with the PERT dose when the variability in the dose was low. In contrast, even at the highest PERT dose values, the CFA decreased when the variability was high. The confidence interval suggested an association, although the analysis was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The variability in the PERT dose adjustment should be taken into consideration when performing studies on PERT efficiency. A clinical goal should be the maintenance of a constant PERT dose rather than trying to obtain an optimal value.
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Nutritional factors and metabolic variables in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease: A case control study in Armenian adults.
Fazeli Moghadam, E, Tadevosyan, A, Fallahi, E, Goodarzi, R
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome. 2017;(1):7-11
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dietary factors can affect the coronary heart disease (CHD). Results of previous studies on the association between the diet and CHD are not consistent in different countries. There were no data on this association in Armenia. OBJECTIVE Aims of this case-control study were to evaluate the association between nutritional factors and CHD among Armenians in Yerevan. METHODS During 2010 and 2011, we randomly selected 320 CHD patients with a diagnosis of CHD less than 6 months and 320 subjects without CHD (≥30years old) from the hospitals and polyclinics in Yerevan. Dietary intakes with 135 food items over the previous 12 months were evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS After adjusting for some CHD risk factors higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were associated with a reduced risk of CHD, while this association was not witnessed for saturated fatty acids (SFA). In addition, findings indicated an inverse relation between vitamins (E, B6 and B12, folic acid) and fiber with CHD. In this population, smoking, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were significantly more common among patients with CHD. CONCLUSION The intake of vitamins E, B6 and B12, folic acid, PUFA, MUFA and fiber appeared to be predictors of CHD, independently of other risk factors.
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Food exchange estimation by children with type 1 diabetes at summer camp.
Szypowski, W, Kunecka, K, Zduńczyk, B, Piechowiak, K, Dyczek, M, Dąbrowa, K, Wojtyra, A, Kaczmarska, Z, Szypowska, A
Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM. 2017;(1):71-76
Abstract
BACKGROUND As exchange counting poses difficulty for children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) attending diabetes camps, they often guesstimate food amount without performing an exchange calculation. The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of estimation with exchange counting using the mobile food exchange calculator (MFEC). METHODS During a summer camp, 25 children with T1D on pumps estimated the number of carbohydrate (CE) and fat/protein exchanges (FPE) appropriate for main meals. Afterwards, the number of exchanges was counted with MFEC and electronic scales. RESULTS There was a difference between CE (p<0.0001) and FPE (p<0.0001) estimations and counting using MFEC. The youth miscalculated the true values of ≥1 CE and ≥1 FPE by 31% and 23%, respectively. They more often underestimated than overestimated CE and FPE (p<0.0001). The estimation error increased with younger age. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate counting caused significant error in the exchange number. The use of MFEC facilitates correct exchange calculation. Patients should weigh food and calculate exchanges themselves using mobile applications.
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Higher Lipophilic Index Indicates Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women.
Liu, Q, Lichtenstein, AH, Matthan, NR, Howe, CJ, Allison, MA, Howard, BV, Martin, LW, Valdiviezo, C, Manson, JE, Liu, S, et al
Lipids. 2017;(8):687-702
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Fatty acids (FAs) are essential components of cell membranes and play an integral role in membrane fluidity. The lipophilic index [LI, defined as the sum of the products between FA levels and melting points (°C), divided by the total amount of FA: [Formula: see text]] is thought to reflect membrane and lipoprotein fluidity and may be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we examined the associations of dietary and plasma phospholipid (PL) LI with CHD risk among postmenopausal women. We determined dietary LI for the cohort with completed baseline food frequency questionnaires and free of prevalent cardiovascular diseases in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) observational study (N = 85,563). We additionally determined plasma PL LI in a matched case-control study (N = 2428) nested within the WHI observational cohort study. Cox proportional hazard regression and multivariable conditional logistic regression were used to calculate HRs/ORs for CHD risk between quartiles of LI after adjusting for potential sources of confounding and selection bias. Higher dietary LI in the cohort study and plasma PL LI in the case-control study were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD: HR = 1.18 (95% CI 1.07-1.31, P for trend <0.01) and OR = 1.76 (95% CI 1.33-2.33, P for trend <0.01) comparing extreme quartiles and adjusting for potential confounders. These associations still persisted after adjusting for the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio. Our study indicated that higher LI based on either dietary or plasma measurements, representing higher FA lipophilicity, was associated with elevated risk of CHD among postmenopausal women.