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Monitoring Changes in Power, Speed, Agility, and Endurance in Elite Cricketers During the Off-Season Period.
Herridge, R, Turner, A, Bishop, C
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2020;(8):2285-2293
Abstract
Herridge, R, Turner, A, and Bishop, C. Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility, and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season period. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2285-2293, 2020-The purpose of this study was to monitor changes in power, speed, agility, and endurance in elite cricketers during the 20-week off-season period. Fourteen elite male cricketers (age 26.2 ± 5.3 years; height 180.8 ± 8.5 cm; mass 83.5 ± 6.7 kg) conducted a physical testing battery in week 1 and week 18 of the off-season period. The testing included a yoyo intermittent recovery test, bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps, squat jump, broad jump, drop jump (to calculate reactive strength index), proagility, and 5-, 10-, 20-m sprint tests. Results showed significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in all fitness tests except for the pro-agility test (p = 0.076), with effect sizes ranging from 0.26 to 2.8 across the test battery. The results of this study show that the off-season period in cricket allows adequate time for significant improvements of physical qualities needed for the demanding in-season schedule of the sport and provides normative values for an elite cricket population.
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Exercise dose affects the circulating microRNA profile in response to acute endurance exercise in male amateur runners.
Fernández-Sanjurjo, M, Úbeda, N, Fernández-García, B, Del Valle, M, Ramírez de Molina, A, Crespo, MC, Martín-Hernández, R, Casas-Agustench, P, Martínez-Camblor, P, de Gonzalo-Calvo, D, et al
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2020;(10):1896-1907
Abstract
The systemic response to exercise is dose-dependent and involves a complex gene expression regulation and cross-talk between tissues. This context ARISES the need for analyzing the influence of exercise dose on the profile of circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs), as emerging posttranscriptional regulators and intercellular communicators. Thus, we hypothesized that different exercise doses will determine specific c-miRNA signatures that will highlight its potential as exercise dose biomarker. Nine active middle-aged males completed a 10-km race (10K), a half-marathon (HM), and a marathon (M). Blood samples were collected immediately before and after races. Plasma RNA was extracted, and a global screening of 752 microRNAs was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Three different c-miRNA profiles were defined according to the three doses. In 10K, 14 c-miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between pre- and post-exercise, 13 upregulated and 1 downregulated. Regarding HM, 13 c-miRNAs were found to be differentially modulated, in all the cases upregulated. A total of 28 c-miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in M, 21 overexpressed and 7 repressed after this race. We had also found 3 common c-miRNAs between 10K and M and 2 common c-miRNAs between 10K and HM. In silico analysis supported a close association between exercise dose c-miRNA profiles and cellular pathways linked to energy metabolism and cell cycle. In conclusion, we have observed that different exercise doses induced specific c-miRNA profiles. So, our results point to c-miRNAs as emerging exercise dose biomarkers and as one of regulatory mechanisms modulating the response to endurance exercise.
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Training-induced changes in daily energy expenditure: Methodological evaluation using wrist-worn accelerometer, heart rate monitor, and doubly labeled water technique.
Kinnunen, H, Häkkinen, K, Schumann, M, Karavirta, L, Westerterp, KR, Kyröläinen, H
PloS one. 2019;(7):e0219563
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wrist-mounted motion sensors can quantify the volume and intensity of physical activities, but little is known about their long-term validity. Our aim was to validate a wrist motion sensor in estimating daily energy expenditure, including any change induced by long-term participation in endurance and strength training. Supplemental heart rate monitoring during weekly exercise was also investigated. METHODS A 13-day doubly labeled water (DLW) measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) was performed twice in healthy male subjects: during two last weeks of a 12-week Control period (n = 15) and during two last weeks of a 12-week combined strength and aerobic Training period (n = 13). Resting energy expenditure was estimated using two equations: one with body weight and age, and another one with fat-free mass. TEE and activity induced energy expenditure (AEE) were determined from motion sensor alone, and from motions sensor combined with heart rate monitor, the latter being worn during exercise only. RESULTS When body weight and age were used in the calculation of resting energy expenditure, the motion sensor data alone explained 78% and 62% of the variation in TEE assessed by DLW at the end of Control and Training periods, respectively, with a bias of +1.75 (p <.001) and +1.19 MJ/day (p = .002). When exercise heart rate data was added to the model, the combined wearable device approach explained 85% and 70% of the variation in TEE assessed by DLW with a bias of +1.89 and +1.75 MJ/day (p <.001 for both). While significant increases in TEE and AEE were detected by all methods as a result of participation in regular training, motion sensor approach underestimated the change measured by DLW: +1.13±0.66 by DLW, +0.59±0.69 (p = .004) by motion sensor, and +0.98±0.70 MJ/day by combination of motion sensor and heart rate. Use of fat-free mass in the estimation of resting energy expenditure removed the biases between the wearable device estimations and the golden standard reference method of TEE and demonstrated a training-induced increase in resting energy expenditure by +0.18±0.13 MJ/day (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS Wrist motion sensor combined with a heart rate monitor during exercise sessions, showed high agreement with the golden standard measurement of daily TEE and its change induced by participation in a long-term training protocol. The positive findings concerning the validity, especially the ability to follow-up the change associated with a lifestyle modification, can be considered significant because they partially determine the feasibility of wearable devices as quantifiers of health-related behavior.
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NSE & S100B protein blood level assessment during a long-distance trail race.
Jouffroy, R, Alves, B, Mauvieux, B, Mallet, L, Beaudeux, JL, Cottart, CH
Annales de biologie clinique. 2019;(5):532-536
Abstract
UNLABELLED The acute and chronic consequences of long-distance running on brain function have received little attention. The impact of such a hard-physical burden associated with sleep privation during such events such has never been explored in terms of neuropsychological function and brain damage. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 4 athletes before, during and at the end of one of two races: Grand Raid de la Réunion 2017 (GRR: 165 km, elevation gain: 9529 m, 2 runners) and Trail de la Bourbon 2017 (TB: 111 km, elevation gain: 6433 m, 2 runners). Serum S100B and NSE levels were measured for each runner before, during and after the race. RESULTS Serum S100B levels (normal range: < 0.15 μg/L) increased early during the race and remained high up to the end of the race in all 4 runners (range: 0.17-0.59 μg/L). NSE level (normal range: < 15 μg/L) increased in 3 of the 4 runners (range: 16.8-39.2 μg/L). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study shows the potential interest of S100B and NSE serum assessment during long-distance races. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to investigate the origins and significance of this increase in brain injury markers.
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Impact of angiotension I converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism on running performance, lipid, and biochemical parameters in ultra-marathoners.
Chiu, YH, Lai, JI, Tseng, CY, Wang, SH, Li, LH, Kao, WF, How, CK, Chang, WH, Hsieh, CY
Medicine. 2019;(29):e16476
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Abstract
The insertion (I) or deletion (D) polymorphism in the angiotension I converting enzyme gene, (ACE I/D, rs1799752) is associated with human exercise endurance and performance. However, most of the aforementioned studies focus on marathons, swimming, and triathlons, while the ACE polymorphism in ultra-marathoners has not yet been reported. We studied the impact of ACE I/D polymorphism in ultra-marathoners and investigated its relationship with lipid profiles, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in runners before and after ultra-marathon racing.This observational study used data from a 100-km ultra-marathon in Taipei, Taiwan. Twenty-four male participants were analyzed for their ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism, lipid profiles, hs-CRP, IL-6 in serum immediately before and after ultra-marathon running.In our 24 subjects analyzed, 7, 14, and 3 subjects were of I/I, I/D, and D/D genotypes, respectively. Runners with the D polymorphism (I/D and D/D) showed a trend of better performance in the 100-km ultra-marathon (measured by completion time in minutes, P = .036). In this group, the previous best marathon performance was also significantly better than the I/I group (P = .047). After adjusting for body mass index (BMI), the difference in performance was not significant. Ketone levels, IL-6, and hs-CRP levels were highly increased at immediately and 24-hour post-race. No correlation was found between different ACE polymorphisms and common biochemical parameters examined.We report the first study in the impact of the ACE I/D (rs1799752) on ultra-marathoners. Presence of the D polymorphism in ACE gene is associated with better performance, although the BMI of the runners contribute as a major factor. There was no difference in the biochemical or lipid parameters measured among different ACE polymorphisms.
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Energy, macronutrient and water intake during a mountain ultramarathon event: The influence of distance.
Martinez, S, Aguilo, A, Rodas, L, Lozano, L, Moreno, C, Tauler, P
Journal of sports sciences. 2018;(3):333-339
Abstract
Adequate dietary strategies are essential for the successful participation in ultra-endurance races. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the energy and water intakes of participants during three different mountain ultra-endurance runs. The study took place at the "Ultra Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana" (Mallorca, Spain), an ultra-endurance mountain event with runners participating either in a 44-km (Marathon, n = 51), a 67-km (Trail, n = 109) or a 112-km (Ultra, n = 53) run competition. Participants in the study answered a questionnaire focused on the nutritional intake within an hour after finishing the competition. Mean energy intake during the competitions was 183 kcal · h¯1, with an average carbohydrate intake of 31 g · h¯1 (52.1% of participants consumed less than 30 g · h¯1). No significant differences between competitions were found in these parameters. However, a higher percentage of energy from lipids in participants in the Trail and the Ultra was found (P = 0.034). Furthermore, significant differences were observed in water intake per hour of competition (P = 0.039), with the lowest value for the intake during the Ultra competition. In conclusion, the majority of the participants in the study present low carbohydrate intakes. However, fluid intake seems to be adequate. Different distances did not significantly influence the participants' nutritional strategies.
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Assessing performance in pre-season wrestling athletes using biomarkers.
Papassotiriou, I, Nifli, AP
Biochemia medica. 2018;(2):020706
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although regular training introduces the desired changes in athletes' metabolism towards optimal final performance, literature is rarely focusing on the metabolic responses off-competition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical indices during typical preseason training in wrestling athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty male freestyle and Greco-roman wrestlers (14 to 31 years) followed a typical session of the preparatory phase. Capillary blood glucose and lactate concentrations were assessed immediately before and after training. Protein, microalbumin, creatinine and their ratio were estimated the next day in the first morning urine. RESULTS Pre-training lactate concentrations were lower in Greco-roman than in freestyle wrestlers (1.8 (1.4 - 2.1) vs. 2.9 (2.1 - 3.1) mmol/L). Exertion resulted in a significant increase in lactate concentrations, by 3.2 (2.6 - 4.1) mmol/L in Greco-roman wrestlers and 4.5 (3.4 - 5.3) mmol/L in freestylers. These changes were found to correlate with athlete's sport experience (rs = 0.71, P < 0.001). Glucose concentrations were also significantly increased by 0.5 (0.1 - 0.8) mmol/L, in correlation with lactate change (rs = 0.49, P = 0.003). Twelve subjects exhibited urine albumin concentrations at 30 mg/L, and thirteen creatinine concentrations around 17.7 mmol/L. The corresponding ratio was found abnormal in 4 cases, especially when creatinine excretion and body fat were low. CONCLUSIONS Wrestling training is associated with mobilization of both lactic and alactic anaerobic energy systems. The regular comprehensive monitoring of biochemical markers would be advantageous in determining the efficiency of the preparatory phase and the long-term physiological adaptations towards the competition phase, or athlete's overtraining.
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Variation of Traditional Biomarkers of Liver Injury After an Ultramarathon at Altitude.
Tirabassi, JN, Olewinski, L, Khodaee, M
Sports health. 2018;(4):361-365
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BACKGROUND Significant elevations of traditional biomarkers of liver injury can occur as a result of running an ultramarathon. HYPOTHESIS Traditional serum biomarker levels of liver injury will significantly increase as the result of participating in this 161-km race at altitude. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 64 (before) and 83 (after) volunteer runners participated in a prospective observational field-based study at the Leadville 100 ultramarathon race. Changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), and bilirubin levels were measured. RESULTS Of 669 athletes who started the race, 352 successfully completed the race within the 30-hour cutoff (53%). Of 36 runners who had pre- and postrace blood samples taken, the mean ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels were increased from 23 ± 10 U/L, 23 ± 5 U/L, and 0.60 ± 0.29 mg/dL to 117 ± 106 U/L, 485 ± 500 U/L, and 1.60 ± 0.61 mg/dL, respectively (all P < 0.001). There was no change in the mean ALP level ( P = 0.11). There were no significant correlations between postrace ALT, AST, ALP, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and bilirubin levels and athletes' age, sex, body mass index, or finishing time. Significant positive linear correlations between AST, ALT, and LDH with CK were seen. Athletes in this study did not seek medical attention after the race based on an electronic survey (92% response rate). CONCLUSION Significant elevations of traditional biomarkers of liver injury occurred as a result of running an ultramarathon at altitude. These correlated with CK, a marker of muscle injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE When reviewing laboratory studies of traditional biomarkers of liver injury in athletes after an ultramarathon, significant elevations may be seen from baseline but are likely to be of no clinical consequence.
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Reference Values for Inspiratory Muscle Endurance in Healthy Children and Adolescents.
Woszezenki, CT, Heinzmann-Filho, JP, Vendrusculo, FM, Piva, TC, Levices, I, Donadio, MV
PloS one. 2017;(1):e0170696
Abstract
AIMS: To generate reference values for two inspiratory muscle endurance (IME) protocols in healthy children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is an observational, cross-sectional study, in healthy children and adolescents from 4 to 18 years of age. Weight, height, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and IME were measured using two protocols. A fixed load of 30% of MIP with a 10% increment every 2 minutes was used in the incremental threshold loading protocol. As for the maximal loading protocol, a fixed load of 70% of MIP was used and the time limit (Tlim) achieved until fatigue was measured. RESULTS A total of 462 participants were included, 281 corresponding to the incremental loading protocol and 181 to maximal loading. There were moderate and positive correlations between IME and age, MIP, weight and height in the incremental threshold loading. However, the regression model demonstrated that MIP and age were the best variables to predict the IME. Otherwise, weak and positive correlations with age, weight and height were found in the maximal loading. Only age and height influenced endurance in the regression model. The predictive power (r2) of the incremental threshold loading protocol was 0.65, while the maximal loading was 0.15. The reproducibility measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was higher in the incremental loading (0.96) compared to the maximal loading test (0.69). CONCLUSION IME in healthy children and adolescents can be explained by age, height and MIP. The incremental threshold loading protocol showed more reliable results and should be the model of choice to evaluate IME in the pediatric age group.
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Long-Term Marathon Running Is Associated with Low Coronary Plaque Formation in Women.
Roberts, WO, Schwartz, RS, Kraus, SM, Schwartz, JG, Peichel, G, Garberich, RF, Lesser, JR, Oesterle, SN, Wickstrom, KK, Knickelbine, T, et al
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2017;(4):641-645
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Marathon running is presumed to improve cardiovascular risk, but health benefits of high volume running are unknown. High-resolution coronary computed tomography angiography and cardiac risk factor assessment were completed in women with long-term marathon running histories to compare to sedentary women with similar risk factors. METHODS Women who had run at least one marathon per year for 10-25 yr underwent coronary computed tomography angiography, 12-lead ECG, blood pressure and heart rate measurement, lipid panel, and a demographic/health risk factor survey. Sedentary matched controls were derived from a contemporaneous clinical study database. CT scans were analyzed for calcified and noncalcified plaque prevalence, volume, stenosis severity, and calcium score. RESULTS Women marathon runners (n = 26), age 42-82 yr, with combined 1217 marathons (average 47) exhibited significantly lower coronary plaque prevalence and less calcific plaque volume. The marathon runners also had less risk factors (smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia); significantly lower resting heart rate, body weight, body mass index, and triglyceride levels; and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with controls (n = 28). The five women runners with coronary plaque had run marathons for more years and were on average 12 yr older (65 vs 53) than the runners without plaque. CONCLUSION Women marathon runners had minimal coronary artery calcium counts, lower coronary artery plaque prevalence, and less calcified plaque volume compared with sedentary women. Developing coronary artery plaque in long-term women marathon runners appears related to older age and more cardiac risk factors, although the runners with coronary artery plaque had accumulated significantly more years running marathons.