Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviours. Recent research has explored the potential of dietary interventions, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), to alleviate some of these symptoms by influencing the gut microbiome and inflammatory pathways. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a modified ketogenic diet on the gut microbiome, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-related microRNAs (miRNAs) in children with ASD. This study was an interventional pilot study. It involved a small cohort of children with ASD who followed a modified ketogenic diet for four months. Results showed that: - significant changes were observed in the gut microbiome composition, including increased expression of butyrate kinase. - plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12p70 and IL-1β, were reduced. - altered levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-associated miRNAs were detected in the plasma. Authors concluded that a ketogenic diet may positively influence ASD symptoms by reducing inflammation, reversing gut microbial dysbiosis, and impacting the BDNF pathway related to brain activity. These findings warrant further investigation in larger cohorts to validate the potential therapeutic benefits of the KD for children with ASD.