1.
Therapeutic Properties of Flavonoids in Treatment of Cancer through Autophagic Modulation: A Systematic Review.
de Sousa Silva, GV, Lopes, ALVFG, Viali, IC, Lima, LZM, Bizuti, MR, Haag, FB, Tavares de Resende E Silva, D
Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2023;29(3):268-279
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Plain language summary
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although there are many different causes for its development, things that can damage the cells such as ultraviolet light and free radicals can be contributors. Protection against cellular damage may be of benefit to the prevention of cancer development and flavonoids, which are natural chemicals found in plants such as fruits and vegetables, have protective properties. This systematic review paper aimed to determine the therapeutic properties of flavonoids in the treatment of cancer. The results showed that all ten studies included in the review were observational studies carried out on human and animal cells. Ten different flavonoids were identified as having a potential role in cancer treatment mainly through promoting cancer cell death; Isolated mimulone-C geranyl flavonoids, baicalein, isoliquiritigenin, wogonin, icariin, fistein, pectolinarigenin, silibinin, sotetsu flavone, and oroxylin A. It was concluded that flavonoids may have a potential therapeutic effect in gall bladder cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and oral cancer through it acting on cancer cell death. This study could be used by healthcare professionals to understand that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may be of benefit to individuals with cancer. However, the results of this study should be interpreted with caution as it was based on animal and human cells and many processes can affect the development of cancer in whole human body systems.
Abstract
Cancers have high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Current anticancer therapies have demonstrated specific signaling pathways as a target in the involvement of carcinogenesis. Autophagy is a quality control system for proteins and plays a fundamental role in cancer carcinogenesis, exerting an anticarcinogenic role in normal cells and can inhibit the transformation of malignant cells. Therefore, drugs aimed at autophagy can function as antitumor agents. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites commonly found in plants and, consequently, consumed in diets. In this review, the systematic search strategy was used, which included the search for descriptors "flavonoids" AND "mTOR pathway" AND "cancer" AND "autophagy", in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus, from January 2011 to January 2021. The current literature demonstrates that flavonoids have anticarcinogenic properties, including inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, impaired cell migration, invasion, tumor angiogenesis and reduced resistance to multiple drugs in tumor cells. We demonstrate the available evidence on the roles of flavonoids and autophagy in cancer progression and inhibition. (Registration No. CRD42021243071 at PROSPERO).
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Anti-aging Effects of Calorie Restriction (CR) and CR Mimetics based on the Senoinflammation Concept.
Kim, DH, Bang, E, Jung, HJ, Noh, SG, Yu, BP, Choi, YJ, Chung, HY
Nutrients. 2020;12(2)
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Low grade, systemic, chronic inflammation is a feature of ageing and underlies many age-related chronic diseases states. As cells age their capacity to proliferate declines, which is referred to as cell senescence. Such senescent cells release multiple inflammatory markers contributing to a pro-inflammatory state. This is further aggravated by elevated oxidative stress and a reduced capacity to manage it, eventually leading to improper gene regulation and DNA damage. To define this age-related, complex inflammatory phenomena the authors introduced the term senoinflammation. A well-established intervention to reverse or slow down the ageing process and many ageing-associated diseases is calorie restriction (CR), by means of reducing overall caloric intake without malnutrition. CR exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects, reduces age-associated oxidative stress, improves age-related metabolic dysregulation and enhances favourable gene expression. This review summarises how CR and CR-mimicking substances exert their anti-inflammatory effect and some of the cellular mechanism involved and may be of interest to those who are looking to get a more detailed understanding on ageing, inflammation and the benefits of CR.
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, a pervasive feature of the aging process, is defined by a continuous, multifarious, low-grade inflammatory response. It is a sustained and systemic phenomenon that aggravates aging and can lead to age-related chronic diseases. In recent years, our understanding of age-related chronic inflammation has advanced through a large number of investigations on aging and calorie restriction (CR). A broader view of age-related inflammation is the concept of senoinflammation, which has an outlook beyond the traditional view, as proposed in our previous work. In this review, we discuss the effects of CR on multiple phases of proinflammatory networks and inflammatory signaling pathways to elucidate the basic mechanism underlying aging. Based on studies on senoinflammation and CR, we recognized that senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which mainly comprises cytokines and chemokines, was significantly increased during aging, whereas it was suppressed during CR. Further, we recognized that cellular metabolic pathways were also dysregulated in aging; however, CR mimetics reversed these effects. These results further support and enhance our understanding of the novel concept of senoinflammation, which is related to the metabolic changes that occur in the aging process. Furthermore, a thorough elucidation of the effect of CR on senoinflammation will reveal key insights and allow possible interventions in aging mechanisms, thus contributing to the development of new therapies focused on improving health and longevity.