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Consumption of Extruded Sorghum SC319 Improved Gut Microbiota at Genus Level and Reduced Anthropometric Markers in Men with Overweight: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Lúcio, H, Anunciação, P, da Silva, B, da Silva, A, Queiroz, V, de Carvalho, C, Pinheiro-Sant'Ana, H, Martino, H
Nutrients. 2023;15(17)
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Obesity is frequently associated with the dysregulation of lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism, in addition to increased oxidative stress and the establishment of low-grade chronic inflammation, which are risk factors for developing non-communicable chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the consumption of extruded SC319 whole sorghum or extruded whole wheat associated with an 8-week daily 500 kcal energy restriction diet on the modulation of intestinal health with a focus on gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid production, faecal pH, and weight loss and inflammation markers. This study was an 8-week, single-blind, controlled, randomised nutritional intervention study conducted in 21 men with overweight. The participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive extruded SC319 whole sorghum or extruded whole wheat. Results showed that consuming SC319 extruded sorghum along with an energy restricted diet achieved greater weight loss and reduced body fat percentage in Brazilian men with overweight compared to the wheat group, with no differences in SCFA synthesis, faecal pH, alpha and beta-diversity, and inflammatory markers. Sorghum consumption promoted alternations in intestinal microbiome composition at the genus level, probably due to the presence of resistant starch and polyphenolic compounds. Authors conclude that sorghum consumption improved weight loss, decreased anthropometric measures, and acted as a prebiotic, thereby changing intestinal microbiome composition.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorghum is a cereal source of energy, carbohydrates, resistant starch, proanthocyanidins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanins; it promotes satiety by slowing digestion and benefits intestinal health. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of extruded sorghum SC319 consumption on intestinal health, weight loss, and inflammatory markers in men with overweight. METHODS This was a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial. Twenty-one men were randomly allocated into one of two groups: the sorghum group (test), which received 40 g of extruded SC319 whole sorghum (n = 10), or the wheat group (control), which received 38 g of extruded whole wheat (n = 11) for eight weeks. RESULTS The sorghum consumption increased the weight loss intragroup, decreased the body fat percentage intergroup, and did not change inflammatory markers, while the wheat group had increased IL-6 levels compared to baseline. Short-chain fatty acid production, fecal pH, and α and β diversity indexes did not differ intra- and intergroup after interventions. However, sorghum consumption decreased genus levels of Clostridium_sensu_stricto 1, Dorea, and Odoribacter and increased CAG-873 and Turicibacter compared to baseline. Further, sorghum showed a tendency (p = 0.07) to decrease the proteobacteria phyla compared to wheat. CONCLUSION Extruded sorghum SC319 improved intestinal microbiota and body composition and promoted weight loss, demonstrating its prebiotic potential.
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A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of an Anthocyanin-Rich Functional Ingredient on Cognitive Function and Eye Dryness in Late Adulthood Volunteers: Roles of Epigenetic and Gut Microbiome Modulations.
Wattanathorn, J, Tong-Un, T, Thukham-Mee, W, Paholpak, P, Rangseekhajee, P
Nutrients. 2023;15(16)
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The global market of functional foods targeting wellness promotion, disease risk reduction, and quality of life promotion has been increasing. Due to this demand, the development of novel functional ingredients is essential when producing new fortified foods and beverages. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the eight-week consumption of a functional soup containing “Anthaplex” [a novel functional ingredient consisting of the extracts of purple waxy corn (Zea mays) and coloured sticky rice (Oryza sativa)] on cognitive function and eye dryness in healthy volunteers in late adulthood. This study was an 8-week, 3-arm, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 69 participants were randomly assigned to placebo, D2 (2g of Anthaplex), or D4 (4g of Anthaplex) treatment group. Results showed that “Anthaplex” can improve cognitive function and working memory together with eye dryness. Authors concluded that “Anthaplex” could be a new functional ingredient for supplements aiming to improve cognitive function and eye dryness.
Abstract
Due to the rising demand for supplements targeting cognitive enhancement and dry eye together with the health benefits of anthocyanins, we have developed a functional soup containing an anthocyanin-rich functional ingredient, or "Anthaplex," and assessed the effects on cognitive function and eye dryness together with the possible mechanisms. A total of 69 male and female health volunteers were randomized and divided into placebo, D2, and D4 groups. All subjects consumed 120 mL of placebo or functional soup containing "Anthaplex" either at 2 or 4 g per serving per day within 5 min in the morning for eight weeks. The cognitive function, working memory, dry eye, AChE, MAO, MAO-A, MAO-B, and GABA-T activities, BDNF, HAC, HDAC, and DNMT activities, pH, and amount of lactic acid-producing bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in feces, were determined before intervention and after eight weeks of consumption. Subjects who consumed the "Anthaplex" soup had improved cognitive function, working memory, eye dryness, histone acetylation, ACh E suppression, and BDNF with increased Bifidobacterium spp. but decreased pH in feces. These data suggest that "Anthaplex" improves cognitive function and eye dryness via the modulations of the histone acetylation process, gut microbiome, and cholinergic function.
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Source of human milk (mother or donor) is more important than fortifier type (human or bovine) in shaping the preterm infant microbiome.
Kumbhare, SV, Jones, WD, Fast, S, Bonner, C, Jong, G', Van Domselaar, G, Graham, M, Narvey, M, Azad, MB
Cell reports. Medicine. 2022;3(9):100712
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While human milk provides optimal nutrition for full-term infants, its nutrient density is inadequate for those born preterm. Formula made from bovine milk can provide higher levels of energy and protein but lacks many of the bioactive components found in human milk, including the ‘‘personalised’’ components found only in the mother’s own milk (MOM). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of bovine-derived human milk fortifiers (BHMF) versus human-derived human milk fortifiers (H2MF) on gut microbiome development, oxidative stress, and gut inflammation in human-milk-fed very low birth weight preterm neonates. This study was a randomised controlled trial. Very low birth weight infants were recruited into the study and randomised to receive standard BHMF or H2MF during the intervention period. Results showed that the type of milk fortifier (bovine versus human) had minimal impact on the gut microbiome, whereas the source of human milk (mother versus donor) was strongly associated with microbiome composition. Authors conclude that their findings do not provide a clear biological basis for the clinical impact of H2MF but emphasise the importance of mothers using their own milk to feed their preterm infants.
Abstract
Milk fortifiers help meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants receiving their mother's own milk (MOM) or donor human milk. We conducted a randomized clinical trial (NCT03214822) in 30 very low birth weight premature neonates comparing bovine-derived human milk fortifier (BHMF) versus human-derived fortifier (H2MF). We found that fortifier type does not affect the overall microbiome, although H2MF infants were less often colonized by an unclassified member of Clostridiales Family XI. Secondary analyses show that MOM intake is strongly associated with weight gain and microbiota composition, including Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Propionibacterium enrichment. Finally, we show that while oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes) is not affected by fortifier type or MOM intake, fecal calprotectin is higher in H2MF infants and lower in those consuming more MOM. Overall, the source of human milk (mother versus donor) appears more important than the type of milk fortifier (human versus bovine) in shaping preterm infant gut microbiota.
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Heat-stabilised rice bran consumption by colorectal cancer survivors modulates stool metabolite profiles and metabolic networks: a randomised controlled trial.
Brown, DG, Borresen, EC, Brown, RJ, Ryan, EP
The British journal of nutrition. 2017;117(9):1244-1256
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Rice bran is high in phytochemicals, fibre and other bioactive compounds that may have potential to reduce cancer formation. Rice bran consumption has been shown to reduce CRC growth in mice, as well as alter the stool microbiome in humans. This alteration of the gut microbiome and the metabolic end products produced by it is thought to provide positive health benefits in terms of CRC development. This randomised controlled trial with CRC survivors included daily consumption of 30g/day of rice bran for 28 days in the intervention group, consisting of 9 participants. No rice bran was consumed in the control group of 10 participants. The aim of the study was to identify changes in metabolites that may have potential to reduce the risk of CRC, in the stool samples given by the participants after consuming rice bran, as well as to understand the differences in stool metabolites in the intervention and control groups. The authors found that rice bran consumption led to changes in 93 metabolites, 33 of which increased, while 60 metabolites decreased after 4 weeks of consumption. Metabolic pathways affected included advanced glycation end products, steroid metabolism, primary bile acid metabolism, leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism, methionine, cysteine, S-adenosyl methionine and taurine metabolism, inositol metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism and benzoate metabolism. The authors hypothesise that these metabolic changes may have potential for the prevention of cancer and they should be further explored in larger studies.
Abstract
Rice bran (RB) consumption has been shown to reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in mice and modify the human stool microbiome. Changes in host and microbial metabolism induced by RB consumption was hypothesised to modulate the stool metabolite profile in favour of promoting gut health and inhibiting CRC growth. The objective was to integrate gut microbial metabolite profiles and identify metabolic pathway networks for CRC chemoprevention using non-targeted metabolomics. In all, nineteen CRC survivors participated in a parallel randomised controlled dietary intervention trial that included daily consumption of study-provided foods with heat-stabilised RB (30 g/d) or no additional ingredient (control). Stool samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks and analysed using GC-MS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS. Stool metabolomics revealed 93 significantly different metabolites in individuals consuming RB. A 264-fold increase in β-hydroxyisovaleroylcarnitine and 18-fold increase in β-hydroxyisovalerate exemplified changes in leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism in the RB group. A total of thirty-nine stool metabolites were significantly different between RB and control groups, including increased hesperidin (28-fold) and narirutin (14-fold). Metabolic pathways impacted in the RB group over time included advanced glycation end products, steroids and bile acids. Fatty acid, leucine/valine and vitamin B6 metabolic pathways were increased in RB compared with control. There were 453 metabolites identified in the RB food metabolome, thirty-nine of which were identified in stool from RB consumers. RB consumption favourably modulated the stool metabolome of CRC survivors and these findings suggest the need for continued dietary CRC chemoprevention efforts.
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Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans.
Yanaka, A, Fahey, JW, Fukumoto, A, Nakayama, M, Inoue, S, Zhang, S, Tauchi, M, Suzuki, H, Hyodo, I, Yamamoto, M
Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2009;2(4):353-60
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Helicobacter pylori infection is strongly associated with stomach cancer. Broccoli sprouts are rich in glucoraphanin, the precursor of sulforaphane and have been shown to be bactericidal against Helicobacter pylori infections. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of broccoli sprouts in reducing H. pylori infection in high-salt, H. pylori–infected mice and infected humans. 6-wk-old mice were infected with H-Pylori and consumed a high salt diet for 2 months. High-salt diets exaggerate H. pylori–induced gastritis in mice. Mice were randomised into 2 groups receiving either broccoli sprouts in water or plain drinking water. Mice had free food access. 50 H. pylori–positive human volunteers whose endoscopy showed gastritis were randomised to consume 70 g/d of broccoli sprouts or equivalent of alfalfa sprouts for 8 weeks. Self reported compliance (95%) was confirmed by urine sample. In mice consuming the broccoli sprout water, inflammation was reduced, as were the cytokines unregulated by H. pylori infection. In humans, inflammation in the gastric lumen was significantly reduced in the broccoli sprout group only. Both stool and breath markers of H pylori were significantly lower when compared to control. The authors conclude that intake of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts for 2 months reduces H. pylori colonization in mice and improves infection in H pylori positive mice and humans.
Abstract
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane [SF; 1-isothiocyanato-4(R)-methylsulfinylbutane] is abundant in broccoli sprouts in the form of its glucosinolate precursor (glucoraphanin). SF is powerfully bactericidal against Helicobacter pylori infections, which are strongly associated with the worldwide pandemic of gastric cancer. Oral treatment with SF-rich broccoli sprouts of C57BL/6 female mice infected with H. pylori Sydney strain 1 and maintained on a high-salt (7.5% NaCl) diet reduced gastric bacterial colonization, attenuated mucosal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, mitigated corpus inflammation, and prevented expression of high salt-induced gastric corpus atrophy. This therapeutic effect was not observed in mice in which the nrf2 gene was deleted, strongly implicating the important role of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins in SF-dependent protection. Forty-eight H. pylori-infected patients were randomly assigned to feeding of broccoli sprouts (70 g/d; containing 420 micromol of SF precursor) for 8 weeks or to consumption of an equal weight of alfalfa sprouts (not containing SF) as placebo. Intervention with broccoli sprouts, but not with placebo, decreased the levels of urease measured by the urea breath test and H. pylori stool antigen (both biomarkers of H. pylori colonization) and serum pepsinogens I and II (biomarkers of gastric inflammation). Values recovered to their original levels 2 months after treatment was discontinued. Daily intake of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts for 2 months reduces H. pylori colonization in mice and improves the sequelae of infection in infected mice and in humans. This treatment seems to enhance chemoprotection of the gastric mucosa against H. pylori-induced oxidative stress.