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The effect of probiotics on gestational diabetes and its complications in pregnant mother and newborn: A systematic review and meta-analysis during 2010-2020.
Mahdizade Ari, M, Teymouri, S, Fazlalian, T, Asadollahi, P, Afifirad, R, Sabaghan, M, Valizadeh, F, Ghanavati, R, Darbandi, A
Journal of clinical laboratory analysis. 2022;36(4):e24326
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Gestational diabetes (GD) refers to glucose intolerance in pregnant women at 24–28 weeks without a history of diabetes that results in hyperglycaemia. Some studies suggest that probiotics are able to overcome insulin resistance in pregnant women with GD. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of probiotics supplementation on GD among pregnant women based on Randomized Controlled Trial studies during in the last 10 years (2010–2020). This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of 28 studies. The age range of the pregnant women following the probiotics treatment was 18–40 years. Results show that taking probiotic supplements during pregnancy by women with GD has beneficial effects on the metabolic status, colostrum adiponectin levels, microbiome composition, and the maternal and infant health. However, 4 of the analysed studies did not find any significant effect for the probiotic intervention on the incidence of GD. Authors conclude that more homogeneous studies are needed to generalize the findings of this study. Thus, specific probiotic supplementation may be introduced as one of the adjuvant therapies for GD patients.
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotics consumption on gestational diabetes (GD) and its complications in pregnant mother and newborn. The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021243409) and all the enrolled articles were collected from four databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar) as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2010 to 2020. A total of 4865 study participants from 28 selected studies were included in this review. The present meta-analysis showed that the consumption of probiotics supplementation has the potential to decrease GD-predisposing metabolic parameters such as blood glucose level, lipid profile, inflammation, and oxidative markers which may reduce GD occurrence among pregnant women.
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A Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet Combined with Aerobic Physical Activity Rearranges the Gut Microbiota Signature in NAFLD Patients.
Calabrese, FM, Disciglio, V, Franco, I, Sorino, P, Bonfiglio, C, Bianco, A, Campanella, A, Lippolis, T, Pesole, PL, Polignano, M, et al
Nutrients. 2022;14(9)
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. The gut microbiota and its metabolites were demonstrated to play a role in the pathophysiology of NAFLD through the gut–liver axis. The aim of this study was to investigate how different lifestyle interventions, including diet and physical activity, can impact the gut microbiota composition in NAFLD patients after 45 and 90 days of treatment. This study was a randomised controlled trial based on lifestyle interventions. Participants were randomly allocated to one of the six groups. Results showed that nutritional therapies based on dietary interventions contributed to reduce the dysbiosis characterising NAFLD patients, increasing the resilience of microbial communities inhabiting the gut. Furthermore, the adoption of an aerobic exercise programme, in combination with the Mediterranean diet, was able to further ameliorate specific ratios of microbes. Authors conclude that the findings of their study highlight the contribution resulting from the synergistic effect of lifestyle interventions (diet and/or physical activity programs) on the composition of the gut microbiota in NAFLD patients.
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, and its prevalence worldwide is increasing. Several studies support the pathophysiological role of the gut-liver axis, where specific signal pathways are finely tuned by intestinal microbiota both in the onset and progression of NAFLD. In the present study, we investigate the impact of different lifestyle interventions on the gut microbiota composition in 109 NAFLD patients randomly allocated to six lifestyle intervention groups: Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD), aerobic activity program (ATFIS_1), combined activity program (ATFIS_2), LGIMD plus ATFIS_1 or ATFIS2 and Control Diet based on CREA-AN (INRAN). The relative abundances of microbial taxa at all taxonomic levels were explored in all the intervention groups and used to cluster samples based on a statistical approach, relying both on the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPCs) and on a linear regression model. Our analyses reveal important differences when physical activity and the Mediterranean diet are merged as treatment and allow us to identify the most statistically significant taxa linked with liver protection. These findings agree with the decreased 'controlled attenuation parameter' (CAP) detected in the LGIMD-ATFIS_1 group, measured using FibroScan®. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the synergistic effect of lifestyle interventions (diet and/or physical activity programs) on the gut microbiota composition in NAFLD patients.
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Metabolic, hormonal and performance effects of isomaltulose ingestion before prolonged aerobic exercise: a double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial.
Notbohm, HL, Feuerbacher, JF, Papendorf, F, Friese, N, Jacobs, MW, Predel, HG, Zacher, J, Bloch, W, Schumann, M
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;18(1):38
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Isomaltulose is a low-glycaemic index carbohydrate that lowers insulin and glucose levels postprandially. The benefits of taking Isomaltulose in an exercise setting are not well studied. This double-blinded, randomised, crossover study evaluated the effects of Isomaltulose intake on metabolic responses, hormonal responses, exercise performance and gastrointestinal disturbances in runners. Twenty-one male recreational endurance runners took part in four separate experimental sessions to compare Isomaltulose to maltodextrin and glucose. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were not different among groups. This might be because the lower dose of Isomaltulose (50g) was used in this trial. Compared to glucose and maltodextrin, isomaltulose lowered metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise. In the study, Isomaltulose, glucose, and maltodextrin did not differ in exercise performance or gastrointestinal disturbances. A higher dose may be needed in order to demonstrate exercise performance, but caution should be exercised since a higher dose may cause gastrointestinal upset. A robust investigation of Isomalulose dose and its effects on glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides is required to determine if exercise leads to hypoglycaemia in the clinical population. Healthcare practitioners can use the findings of this study to understand the advantageous effects of 50g Isomaltulose in regulating glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide during aerobic exercise.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isomaltulose has been discussed as a low glycaemic carbohydrate but evidence concerning performance benefits and physiological responses has produced varying results. Therefore, we primarily aimed to investigate the effects of isomaltulose ingestion compared to glucose and maltodextrin on fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates, blood glucose levels and serum hormone concentrations of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). As secondary aims, we assessed running performance and gastrointestinal discomfort. METHODS Twenty-one male recreational endurance runners performed a 70-min constant load trial at 70% maximal running speed (Vmax), followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) test at 85% Vmax after ingesting either 50 g isomaltulose, maltodextrin or glucose. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were calculated from spiroergometric data. Venous blood samples for measurement of GIP and insulin were drawn before, after the constant load trial and after the TTE. Capillary blood samples for glucose concentrations and subjective feeling of gastrointestinal discomfort were collected every 10 min during the constant load trial. RESULTS No between-condition differences were observed in the area under the curve analysis of fat (p = 0.576) and carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.887). Isomaltulose ingestion led to lower baseline postprandial concentrations of blood glucose compared to maltodextrin (percent change [95% confidence interval], - 16.7% [- 21.8,-11.6], p < 0.001) and glucose (- 11.5% [- 17.3,-5.7], p = 0.001). Similarly, insulin and GIP concentrations were also lower following isomaltulose ingestion compared to maltodextrin (- 40.3% [- 50.5,-30.0], p = 0.001 and - 69.1% [- 74.3,-63.8], p < 0.001, respectively) and glucose (- 32.6% [- 43.9,-21.2], p = 0.012 and - 55.8% [- 70.7,-40.9], p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, glucose fluctuation was lower after isomaltulose ingestion compared to maltodextrin (- 26.0% [- 34.2,-17.8], p < 0.001) and glucose (- 17.4% [- 29.1,-5.6], p < 0.001). However, during and after exercise, no between-condition differences for glucose (p = 0.872), insulin (p = 0.503) and GIP (p = 0.244) were observed. No between-condition differences were found for TTE (p = 0.876) or gastrointestinal discomfort (p = 0.119). CONCLUSION Isomaltulose ingestion led to lower baseline postprandial concentrations of glucose, insulin and GIP compared to maltodextrin and glucose. Consequently, blood glucose fluctuations were lower during treadmill running after isomaltulose ingestion, while no between-condition differences were observed for CHO and fat oxidation rates, treadmill running performance and gastrointestinal discomfort. Further research is required to provide specific guidelines on supplementing isomaltulose in performance and health settings.
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A Snack Formulated with Ingredients to Slow Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Reduces the Glycemic Response in Humans: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Rebello, CJ, Johnson, WD, Pan, Y, Larrivee, S, Zhang, D, Nisbet, M, Johnson, J, Chu, Y, Greenway, FL
Journal of medicinal food. 2020;23(1):21-28
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The rate, extent, and location of carbohydrate digestion and absorption are factors that influence metabolic outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a savoury snack (Test-snack) on the glycaemic response [changes in blood glucose after consuming a carbohydrate-containing food] in humans. The study is randomized, controlled crossover trial which enrolled twenty subjects, aged between 18 and 60 years. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of six unique orders for receiving the three interventions. Results show that the Test-snack formulated with ingredients and processes to slow carbohydrate digestion lowered the glycaemic response compared to the Control-snack. Furthermore, slowing of starch digestion influences subjective appetite ratings independent of the glycaemic response. Authors conclude that foods designed to slow starch digestion can help consumers meet their need to moderate the postprandial [after a meal] glycaemic response.
Abstract
This study compared the effect of a snack with ingredients to slow carbohydrate digestion (Test-snack) on postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations and subjective appetite ratings. We hypothesized that Test-snack would lower glucose and insulin responses and reduce appetite compared with a Control-snack. Overweight or obese subjects (n = 17) completed a randomized crossover study. Glucose, insulin, and appetite ratings were measured before consuming each snack or white bread (Bread) and over a period of 4 h. Subjects received Test-snack, Control-snack, or Bread in random order at least a week apart. The a priori primary outcome was the glucose response, and the secondary outcomes were appetite ratings and insulin responses. Mixed effects statistical models were used to perform analysis of variance in terms of the area under curve (AUC) and at specific time points. The 2-h AUC for glucose was significantly lower with Test-snack compared to Control-snack and Bread (AUC and 95% confidence intervals: Test = 2186.43 [1783.36-2589.51]; Control = 3293.75 [2893.97-3693.54]; Bread = 2800.28 [2405.79-3194.77] mg/dL · min). Four-hour AUC for glucose, and insulin, followed a similar pattern except that Test-snack did not differ from Bread. The glucose concentrations peaked at 45 min under all three conditions, but Test-snack elicited a lower response than Control-snack and Bread (P < .01). Test increased fullness and satisfaction and reduced hunger and prospective intake compared to Bread (P < .02), but was not significantly different from Control-snack. Ingredients that slow carbohydrate digestion in a snack reduce the postprandial glucose and insulin responses compared to a product without these ingredients.
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Dietary supplementation with inulin-propionate ester or inulin improves insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity with distinct effects on the gut microbiota, plasma metabolome and systemic inflammatory responses: a randomised cross-over trial.
Chambers, ES, Byrne, CS, Morrison, DJ, Murphy, KG, Preston, T, Tedford, C, Garcia-Perez, I, Fountana, S, Serrano-Contreras, JI, Holmes, E, et al
Gut. 2019;68(8):1430-1438
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Literature shows that higher intakes of dietary fibre are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. The main aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind improvements in glucose homeostasis following long-term delivery of propionate (a short-chain fatty acid produced by human gut microbiota in response to dietary fibre) to the human colon. The study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross over trial. Fourteen participants randomly received 20 g/day of a low-fermentable fibre control, a high-fermentable fibre control and inulin-propionate ester (IPE) for 42 days each. Results indicate that stool concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were not different following the three supplementation periods. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 20 g/day IPE promoted no superior impacts on measures of glucose homeostasis compared with inulin (high-fermentable fibre), yet both IPE and inulin improved insulin resistance relative to cellulose (low-fermentable fibre). Authors conclude that manipulating the colonic fermentation profile of a dietary fibre in favour of propionate promotes selective effects on the mechanisms that contribute to metabolic dysregulation.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanisms behind changes in glucose homeostasis with delivery of propionate to the human colon by comprehensive and coordinated analysis of gut bacterial composition, plasma metabolome and immune responses. DESIGN Twelve non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity received 20 g/day of inulin-propionate ester (IPE), designed to selectively deliver propionate to the colon, a high-fermentable fibre control (inulin) and a low-fermentable fibre control (cellulose) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Outcome measurements of metabolic responses, inflammatory markers and gut bacterial composition were analysed at the end of each 42-day supplementation period. RESULTS Both IPE and inulin supplementation improved insulin resistance compared with cellulose supplementation, measured by homeostatic model assessment 2 (mean±SEM 1.23±0.17 IPE vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.001; 1.17±0.15 inulin vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.009), with no differences between IPE and inulin (p=0.272). Fasting insulin was only associated positively with plasma tyrosine and negatively with plasma glycine following inulin supplementation. IPE supplementation decreased proinflammatory interleukin-8 levels compared with cellulose, while inulin had no impact on the systemic inflammatory markers studied. Inulin promoted changes in gut bacterial populations at the class level (increased Actinobacteria and decreased Clostridia) and order level (decreased Clostridiales) compared with cellulose, with small differences at the species level observed between IPE and cellulose. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a distinctive physiological impact of raising colonic propionate delivery in humans, as improvements in insulin sensitivity promoted by IPE and inulin were accompanied with different effects on the plasma metabolome, gut bacterial populations and markers of systemic inflammation.
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A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Processed-Meat Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Men: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study.
Klementova, M, Thieme, L, Haluzik, M, Pavlovicova, R, Hill, M, Pelikanova, T, Kahleova, H
Nutrients. 2019;11(1)
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Obesity substantially increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer. Lifestyle change, including improved dietary choices, represents a primary prevention tool. The study’s hypothesis is that plant-based meal produces higher levels of gastrointestinal hormones and increased satiety in men with type 2 diabetes or obesity while having a negligible effect on healthy men. The study is randomised crossover study which enrolled 60 men aged between 30 – 65 years: 20 men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 20 obese and 20 healthy controls with two interventions (vegan or processed meat meal). Results indicate that greater satiety was reported by all men following the vegan meal. The difference between the meals was noticeable also in healthy volunteers. Authors conclude that plant-based meals with tofu may be an effective tool to increase postprandial (after a meal) secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, as wells as promote satiety, compared to processed meat and cheese in healthy, obese and diabetic men.
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.
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Diet-Gut Microbiota Interactions and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).
Ponzo, V, Fedele, D, Goitre, I, Leone, F, Lezo, A, Monzeglio, C, Finocchiaro, C, Ghigo, E, Bo, S
Nutrients. 2019;11(2)
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an increasing public health concern that affects approximately 5-20% of pregnancies with rising prevalence. The potential impact of specific dietary interventions on the gut bacteria composition and function are of considerable interest to prevent and treat GDM. The aim of the study was to analyse the changes in the gut microbiota and the diet-microbiota interactions occurring during healthy pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by GDM. This study is a systemic review. Literature shows that pregnancies complicated with GDM may have an impaired gut microbiota, and this microbiota can be transmitted to the offspring. Diets can shape the gut microbiota, in fact dietary changes can rapidly change the gut microbiota. However, it generally reverts to the original status with short-term dietary modifications. Authors conclude that the optimal nutritional strategy in GDM patients remains unresolved. It is important that the potential benefits of diet are taken into consideration.
Abstract
Medical nutritional therapy is the first-line approach in managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diet is also a powerful modulator of the gut microbiota, whose impact on insulin resistance and the inflammatory response in the host are well known. Changes in the gut microbiota composition have been described in pregnancies either before the onset of GDM or after its diagnosis. The possible modulation of the gut microbiota by dietary interventions in pregnancy is a topic of emerging interest, in consideration of the potential effects on maternal and consequently neonatal health. To date, very few data from observational studies are available about the associations between diet and the gut microbiota in pregnancy complicated by GDM. In this review, we analyzed the available data and discussed the current knowledge about diet manipulation in order to shape the gut microbiota in pregnancy.
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Carbohydrate nutrition variables and risk of disability in instrumental activities of daily living.
Gopinath, B, Flood, VM, Burlutksy, G, Liew, G, Mitchell, P
European journal of nutrition. 2019;58(8):3221-3228
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In older adults, maintaining independence is determined by the ability to carry out activities of daily living (ADL), such as bathing and walking. Certain features of carbohydrate-rich foods known as the glycaemic index (GI), and glycaemic load (GL) have been implicated in the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Other aspects of carbohydrate quality such as fibre intake have been shown to influence the risk of chronic diseases that are more common with ageing. This prospective study aimed to examine the association between the GI and GL of foods consumed, intakes of carbohydrates and fibre, and the ability to perform ADL in older adults. A total of 844 participants from the Blue Mountains Eye Study in Australia, aged 60 years or older were examined from 2002-2004 to 2007-2009. Dietary information was collected using a food-frequency questionnaire, and functional status was assessed using an activities of daily living scale. Participants who reported moderate consumption of dietary fibre (19.1g to 29.6g fibre per day) had a lower risk of experiencing instrumental ADL (IADL) disability compared with those in the lowest group of fibre consumption (19g fibre or less per day); that is, they were more likely to be able to use the telephone, get to places out of walking distance, do housework, take their own medications, and handle money at the 5-year follow-up. There was no added benefit for fibre intake above 19.6g per day. Other baseline carbohydrate nutrition variables, including GI, GL, and total carbohydrate intake, were not associated with ADL disability over the 5 years. The researchers concluded that these findings could inform the development of targeted intervention strategies to encourage a greater intake of fibre-rich foods in older adults, potentially preserving or delaying further deterioration in physical functioning.
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to examine the prospective association between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of foods consumed, intakes of carbohydrates and fiber, and the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults. METHODS A total of 844 participants from the Blue Mountains Eye Study aged 60 years or older were examined from 2002-2004 to 2007-2009. Dietary information was collected using a validated, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The Older Americans Resources and Services activities of daily living scale were administered to assess the functional status of participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, participants who were in the second and third quartiles of energy-adjusted total fiber intake compared to those in the first quartile of intake (reference group) at baseline had reduced risk of incident impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) 5 years later: OR, 0.39 (95% CI 0.22-0.70) and OR 0.54 (95% CI 0.30-0.95), respectively. Analyses that involved dichotomized total fiber intake showed that participants in the upper three quartiles of total fiber intake (> 19 g/day), compared to those in the lowest quartile of intake (≤ 19 g/day) or reference group, had reduced IADL disability risk 5 years later: OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.31-0.79). Non-significant associations were observed with total carbohydrates, GI, and GL and with risk of impaired total and basic ADL at 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Habitual fiber consumption might be beneficial in leading to improved health status subserving performance of instrumental daily activities, needed to function in the community.
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Effects of Low Versus Moderate Glycemic Index Diets on Aerobic Capacity in Endurance Runners: Three-Week Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.
Durkalec-Michalski, K, Zawieja, EE, Zawieja, BE, Jurkowska, D, Buchowski, MS, Jeszka, J
Nutrients. 2018;10(3)
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During athletic performance, adequate amounts of carbohydrates are required to prolong the onset of fatigue. Research on whether the glycaemic index (GI) of ingested carbohydrates effects performance has been explored but has produced equivocal results. The aim of this randomised crossover study was to assess the effect of low- and moderate- GI diets on the aerobic capacity and endurance performance in 21 runners. Participants consumed a low- and moderate- GI, high carbohydrate and nutrient balanced diets for three weeks each with a two-week washout period. Aerobic capacity and body composition were measured at the beginning and end of each diet period through various athletic performance tests. This study found that after a low-GI, high-carbohydrate diet, improvements were seen in time to exhaustion and running performance. Gas exchange was improved by both diets. The low-GI carbohydrate diet helped athletes to maintain a more stable blood glucose concentration during exertion tests. Based on these results the authors suggest considering GI when planning a diet for performance athletes, and also urge further research be completed to better understand the effects of long-term GI diets with regards to exercise performance.
Abstract
The glycemic index (GI) of ingested carbohydrates may influence substrate oxidation during exercise and athletic performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of low- and moderate-GI three-week diets on aerobic capacity and endurance performance in runners. We conducted a randomized crossover feeding study of matched diets differing only in GI (low vs. moderate) in 21 endurance-trained runners. Each participant consumed both, low- (LGI) and moderate-GI (MGI) high-carbohydrate (~60%) and nutrient-balanced diets for three weeks each. At the beginning and end of each diet, participants had their aerobic capacity and body composition measured and performed a 12-min running test. After LGI, time to exhaustion during incremental cycling test (ICT) and distance covered in the 12-min run were significantly increased. The MGI diet led to an increase in maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O₂max), but no performance benefits were found after the MGI diet. The LGI and MGI diets improved time and workload at gas exchange threshold (GET) during ICT. The results indicate that a three-week high-carbohydrate LGI diet resulted in a small but significant improvement in athletic performance in endurance runners. Observed increase in V ˙ O₂max on MGI diet did not affect performance.
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Early and long period follow-up results of low glycemic index diet for migraine prophylaxis.
Evcili, G, Utku, U, Öğün, MN, Özdemir, G
Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology. 2018;30(1):8-11
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Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle are known to play a role in migraine. Particular foods can act as direct triggers for individuals. Also, how the individual’s diet affects their blood sugar levels may be key to the frequency and severity of their attacks. Foods that are said to have low glycaemic index (GI), i.e. they are thought to raise blood sugar levels more slowly, may help with the management of migraine. In this randomised control trial, migraine patients were randomly allocated to either a low GI diet group or a medication group. Both groups were given tips for lifestyle changes and the diet group was also advised to eat a low GI diet and avoid high GI foods, while the medication group participants kept using their preventive medication. The frequency and severity of migraine attacks was assessed before the start of the study and at 1 month and 3 months after starting the low GI diet. At 3 months, the frequency and severity of attacks reduced significantly in both groups and the low GI diet was noted to be as effective as the drug treatment. The authors conclude that a low GI diet can be an effective and reliable method to reduce migraine attacks.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of dietary restriction in the management of patients with migraine is still a controversial topic in the headache field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dietary restriction on migraine attacks. METHODS Patients diagnosed with migraine without aura according to the International Classification of Headaches were enrolled. Our study included 350 migraine patients evaluated at the neurology headache outpatient clinic. They were randomly divided into two groups: diet group as the study group and medication group as the control group. We told migraine patients to make lifestyle changes, especially those with low glycemic index in the diet group. On the other hand, propranolol, amitriptyline, flunarizine, and topiramate were used for the prophylaxis in the medication group. The frequency and severity of attacks [using the visual analog scale (VAS)] were recorded before starting dietary restriction and 1 and 3 months after the dietary restriction. RESULTS There were 350 participants in this study. After 3 months, a total of 147 patients (male/female: 17/130, mean age: 34.7±5.9) were evaluated in the diet group. The control group consisted of 147 age- and sex-matched, randomly selected patients with migraine without aura. In the first month after dietary restriction, monthly attack frequency significantly decreased in both groups but not the VAS score. The mean scores of VAS significantly decreased later in the diet group compared with those in the medication group (after 3 months). CONCLUSION The results of the study revealed that low glycemic index diet intake can be an effective and reliable method to reduce migraine attacks.