0
selected
-
1.
Efficacy of tea catechin-rich beverages to reduce abdominal adiposity and metabolic syndrome risks in obese and overweight subjects: a pooled analysis of 6 human trials.
Hibi, M, Takase, H, Iwasaki, M, Osaki, N, Katsuragi, Y
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2018;:1-10
Abstract
This post hoc pooled analysis assessed the effectiveness of green tea catechins (GTC) to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) associated with abdominal fat reduction, because previous findings are unclear. Data were pooled from six human trials (n=921, 505 men) comparing the effects of GTC-containing beverages (540-588 mg GTC/beverage) and a placebo beverage. Outcome measures were abdominal fat [total fat area (TFA), visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA)], and MetS risk. We estimated mean changes from baseline and calculated confidence intervals (CI) to assess reductions in abdominal fat accumulation and MetS improvement. Subclass analyses were performed by classifying subjects as Pre-MetS or MetS at trial initiation. Additional subclass analyses were performed with Pre-MetS and MetS subjects further stratified according to whether GTC intake reduced TFA, VFA, or SFA. Consumption of GTC-containing beverages for 12 weeks significantly reduced TFA (-17.7cm2, 95%CI: -20.9 to -14.4), VFA (-7.5cm2, 95%CI: -9.3 to -5.7), SFA (-10.2cm2, 95%CI: -12.5 to -7.8), body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference; and improved blood pressure. Subclass analyses of Pre-MetS and MetS subjects showed improved MetS in the GTC group [odds ratio (OR), 1.67; 95%CI: 1.08-2.57]. The ORs for improved MetS in the TFA- and VFA-reduced groups were 2.79 (95%CI: 1.28-6.09) and 4.36 (95%CI: 2.03-9.39), respectively. Continual consumption of GTC-containing beverages reduced abdominal fat and improved MetS, suggesting its potential to prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Additional large-scale intervention trials are needed to evaluate the effects of GTC on the risk of MetS in high-risk populations.
-
2.
Resistance training, visceral obesity and inflammatory response: a review of the evidence.
Strasser, B, Arvandi, M, Siebert, U
Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2012;(7):578-91
Abstract
Intra-abdominal obesity is an important risk factor for low-grade inflammation, which is associated with increased risk for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. For the most part, recommendations to treat or prevent overweight and obesity via physical activity have focused on aerobic endurance training as it is clear that aerobic training is associated with much greater energy expenditure during the exercise session than resistance training. However, due to the metabolic consequences of reduced muscle mass, it is understood that normal ageing and/or decreased physical activity may lead to a higher prevalence of metabolic disorders. Whether resistance training alters visceral fat and the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in adipose tissue has not been addressed in earlier reviews. Because evidence suggests that resistance training may promote a negative energy balance and may change body fat distribution, it is possible that an increase in muscle mass after resistance training may be a key mediator leading to a better metabolic control. Considering the benefits of resistance training on visceral fat and inflammatory response, an important question is: how much resistance training is needed to confer such benefits? Therefore, the purpose of this review was to address the importance of resistance training on abdominal obesity, visceral fat and inflammatory response.
-
3.
Fetal growth restriction, catch-up growth and the early origins of insulin resistance and visceral obesity.
Morrison, JL, Duffield, JA, Muhlhausler, BS, Gentili, S, McMillen, IC
Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2010;(4):669-77
Abstract
There is an association between growing slowly before birth, accelerated growth in early postnatal life and the emergence of insulin resistance, visceral obesity and glucose intolerance in adult life. In this review we consider the pathway through which intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to the initial increase in insulin sensitivity and to catch-up growth. We also discuss the importance of the early insulin environment in determining later visceral adiposity and the intrahepatic mechanisms that may result in the emergence of glucose intolerance in a subset of IUGR infants. We present evidence that a key fetal adaptation to poor fetal nutrition is an upregulation of the abundance of the insulin receptor in the absence of an upregulation of insulin signalling in fetal skeletal muscle. After birth, however, there is an upregulation in the abundance of the insulin receptor and the insulin signalling pathway in the IUGR offspring. Thus, the origins of the accelerated postnatal growth rate experienced by IUGR infants lie in the fetal adaptations to a poor nutrient supply. We also discuss how the intracellular availability of free fatty acids and glucose within the visceral adipocyte and hepatocyte in fetal and neonatal life are critical in determining the subsequent metabolic phenotype of the IUGR offspring. It is clear that a better understanding of the relative contributions of the fetal and neonatal nutrient environment to the regulation of key insulin signalling pathways in muscle, visceral adipose tissue and the liver is required to support the development of evidence-based intervention strategies and better outcomes for the IUGR infant.
-
4.
Insulin resistance, adipose depots and gut: interactions and pathological implications.
Gastaldelli, A, Natali, A, Vettor, R, Corradini, SG
Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2010;(5):310-9
Abstract
This review article focuses on the many metabolic actions of insulin at the level of muscle, liver and adipose tissue. In terms of pathogenetic mechanisms, the condition of insulin resistance is complex, as multiple genetic and environmental factors, among which an increasingly sedentary lifestyle associated with high-fat diet, mutually interact according to variable patterns in time in any given individual. It is well recognized that obesity (in particular abdominal obesity) favours the development of insulin resistance. Here we evaluate the impact of obesity and ectopic fat accumulation (visceral and hepatic) on insulin resistance at the level of different target organs, i.e., muscle, liver and adipose tissue. The roles of the gut and the liver, in particular of bile acids and gut microflora, are also discussed as possible determinants of energy balance and glucose metabolism.
-
5.
Physical activity and abdominal obesity in youth.
Kim, Y, Lee, S
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2009;(4):571-81
Abstract
Childhood obesity continues to escalate despite considerable efforts to reverse the current trends. Childhood obesity is a leading public health concern because overweight-obese youth suffer from comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease, conditions once considered limited to adults. This increasing prevalence of chronic health conditions in youth closely parallels the dramatic increase in obesity, in particular abdominal adiposity, in youth. Although mounting evidence in adults demonstrates the benefits of regular physical activity as a treatment strategy for abdominal obesity, the independent role of regular physical activity alone (e.g., without calorie restriction) on abdominal obesity, and in particular visceral fat, is largely unclear in youth. There is some evidence to suggest that, independent of sedentary activity levels (e.g., television watching or playing video games), engaging in higher-intensity physical activity is associated with a lower waist circumference and less visceral fat. Several randomized controlled studies have shown that aerobic types of exercise are protective against age-related increases in visceral adiposity in growing children and adolescents. However, evidence regarding the effect of resistance training alone as a strategy for the treatment of abdominal obesity is lacking and warrants further investigation.
-
6.
[Metabolically obese with normal weight individuals: an intriguing phenotype].
Beck, E, Scheen, AJ
Revue medicale de Liege. 2009;(1):16-24
Abstract
Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is the main risk factor of metabolic syndrome. However, there are obviously non obese individuals who are metabolically abnormal and therefore exposed to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Unfortunately, those persons fail to be detected because of a falsely reassuring body weight. The present paper aims at better understanding the etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of this particular phenotype, at evaluating its potential clinical consequences and at describing the main principles of its therapeutic management.
-
7.
Long-term health considerations in schizophrenia: metabolic effects and the role of abdominal adiposity.
Van Gaal, LF
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;:S142-8
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared with the general population, primarily due to cardiovascular disease. Thus there is an increasing need for clinicians in the psychiatric field to recognise and address cardiovascular risk factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose levels that contribute to this long-term health burden. The combination of three or more of these risk factors leads to a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, further predisposing individuals to cardiovascular disease. A cluster of risk factors, such as in the metabolic syndrome, is being increasingly seen in patients with schizophrenia. Abdominal obesity is a key contributor to overall cardiovascular risk and is a particularly important consideration in schizophrenia as some atypical antipsychotics are associated with drug-induced weight gain. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, lack of exercise and poor diet undoubtedly contribute further. Psychiatrists need to be aware of metabolic risk when initiating treatment in patients with schizophrenia and should take steps to identify and monitor patients. A first step is to establish a risk profile for the patient based on medical, lifestyle and genetic factors, and measurement of waist circumference is a good indicator of overall cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Strategies recommended to reduce risk include promoting healthy lifestyle/behavioural habits and close monitoring of weight, glucose, and lipid profiles both before and during treatment. Established risk factors should also be considered when selecting the most appropriate antipsychotic medication for an individual patient, based on differences in the potential effect of individual medications to induce weight gain, risk of diabetes or worsening lipid profile.
-
8.
Exercise can help control body changes during menopause.
Smith, KR
Health care food & nutrition focus. 2005;(10):10-1