-
1.
Impact of isoenergetic intake of irregular meal patterns on thermogenesis, glucose metabolism, and appetite: a randomized controlled trial.
Alhussain, MH, Macdonald, IA, Taylor, MA
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2022;(1):284-297
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is emerging that interdaily meal pattern variability potentially affects response such as thermic effect of food (TEF), macronutrient metabolism, and appetite. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of irregular meal pattern on TEF, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and appetite regulation in women who are overweight or with obesity and confirmed insulin resistance. DESIGN In a randomized crossover trial, 9 women [mean ± SD BMI (in kg/m2): 33.3 ± 3.1] with confirmed insulin resistance consumed a regular (14 d; 6 meals/d) and an irregular (14 d; 3-9 meals/d) meal pattern separated by a 14-d washout interval. Identical foods were provided during the interventions, and at the start and end of each meal pattern, participants attended the laboratory after an overnight fast. Energy expenditure, glucose, insulin, lipids, adiponectin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin were measured at baseline and for 3 h after consumption of a test drink, after which an ad libitum test meal was offered. Subjective appetite ratings were recorded before and after the test drink, after the ad libitum meal, and during the intervention. Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring was undertaken for 7 consecutive days during each intervention. RESULTS TEF (over 3 h) was significantly lower postirregular intervention compared with postregular (97.7 ± 19.2 kJ*3 h in postregular visit and 76.7 ± 35.2 kJ*3 h in postirregular visit, paired t test, P = 0.048). Differences in HOMA-IR between the 2 interventions (3.3 ± 1.7 and 3.6 ± 1.6 in postregular and postirregular meal pattern, respectively) were not significant. Net incremental AUC for GLP-1 concentrations (over 3 h) for the postregular meal pattern were higher (864.9 ± 456.1 pmol/L*3 h) than the postirregular meal pattern (487.6 ± 271.7 pmol/L*3 h, paired t test, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Following a 14-d period of an irregular meal pattern, TEF was significantly less than following a regular meal pattern, potentially compromising weight management if sustained long term. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02582606.
-
2.
Associations of quantity and quality of carbohydrate sources with subjective appetite sensations during 3-year weight-loss maintenance: Results from the PREVIEW intervention study.
Zhu, R, Larsen, TM, Poppitt, SD, Silvestre, MP, Fogelholm, M, Jalo, E, Hätönen, KA, Huttunen-Lenz, M, Taylor, MA, Simpson, L, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2022;(1):219-230
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The association of quantity and quality of carbohydrate sources with appetite during long-term weight-loss maintenance (WLM) after intentional weight loss (WL) is unclear. We aimed to investigate longitudinal associations of quantity and quality of carbohydrate sources with changes in subjective appetite sensations during WLM. METHODS This secondary analysis evaluated longitudinal data from the 3-year WLM phase of the PREVIEW study, a 2 × 2 factorial (diet-physical activity arms), multi-center, randomized trial. 1279 individuals with overweight or obesity and prediabetes (25-70 years; BMI≥25 kg m-2) were included. Individuals were merged into 1 group to assess longitudinal associations of yearly changes in appetite sensations. Quantity and quality of carbohydrate sources including total carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and total dietary fiber were assessed via 4-day food diaries at 4 timepoints (26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks) during WLM. Visual analog scales were used to assess appetite sensations in the previous week. RESULTS During WLM, participants consumed on average 160.6 (25th, 75th percentiles 131.1, 195.8) g·day-1 of total carbohydrate, with GI 53.8 (48.7, 58.8) and GL 85.3 (67.2, 108.9) g day-1, and 22.3 (17.6, 27.3) g·day-1 of dietary fiber. In the available-case analysis, multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models with repeated measures showed that each 30-g increment in total carbohydrate was associated with increases in hunger (1.36 mm year-1, 95% CI 0.77, 1.95, P < 0.001), desire to eat (1.10 mm year-1, 0.59, 1.60, P < 0.001), desire to eat something sweet (0.99 mm year-1, 0.30, 1.68, P = 0.005), and weight regain (0.20%·year-1, 0.03, 0.36, P = 0.022). Increasing GI was associated with weight regain, but not associated with increases in appetite sensations. Each 20-unit increment in GL was associated with increases in hunger (0.92 mm year-1, 0.33, 1.51, P = 0.002), desire to eat (1.12 mm year-1, 0.62, 1.62, P < 0.001), desire to eat something sweet (1.13 mm year-1, 0.44, 1.81, P < 0.001), and weight regain (0.35%·year-1, 0.18, 0.52, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, dietary fiber was also associated with increases in desire to eat, after adjustment for carbohydrate or GL. CONCLUSIONS In participants with moderate carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake, and low to moderate GI, we found that higher total carbohydrate, GL, and total fiber, but not GI, were associated with increases in subjective desire to eat or hunger over 3 years. This study was registered as ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01777893.
-
3.
Impact of food processing on postprandial glycaemic and appetite responses in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial.
Hafiz, MS, Campbell, MD, Orsi, NM, Mappa, G, Orfila, C, Boesch, C
Food & function. 2022;(3):1280-1290
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Chickpeas are among the lowest glycaemic index carbohydrate foods eliciting protracted digestion and enhanced satiety responses. In vitro studies suggest that mechanical processing of chickpeas significantly increases starch digestion. However, there is little evidence regarding the impact of processing on postprandial glycaemic response in response to chickpea intake in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mechanical processing on postprandial interstitial glycaemic and satiety responses in humans. In a randomised crossover design, thirteen normoglycaemic adults attended 4 separate laboratory visits following an overnight fast. On each occasion, one of four test meals, matched for available carbohydrate content and consisting of different physical forms of chickpeas (whole, puree, and pasta) or control (mashed potato), was administered followed by a subsequent standardised lunch meal. Continuous glucose monitoring captured interstitial glucose responses, accompanied by periodic venous blood samples for retrospective analysis of C-peptide, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, leptin, resistin, and cortisol. Subjective appetite responses were measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Postprandial glycaemic responses were comparable between chickpea treatments albeit significantly lower than the control (p < 0.001). Similarly, all chickpea treatments elicited significantly lower C-peptide and GLP-1 responses compared to the control (p < 0.05), accompanied by enhanced subjective satiety responses (p < 0.05), whilst no significant differences in satiety hormones were detected among different intervention groups (p > 0.05). Chickpea consumption elicits low postprandial glycaemic responses and enhanced subjective satiety responses irrespective of processing methods.
-
4.
Oral lactate slows gastric emptying and suppresses appetite in young males.
Pedersen, MGB, Søndergaard, E, Nielsen, CB, Johannsen, M, Gormsen, LC, Møller, N, Jessen, N, Rittig, N
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2022;(2):517-525
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate serves as an alternative energy fuel but is also an important signaling metabolite. We aimed to investigate whether oral lactate administration affects appetite-regulating hormones, slows gastric emptying rate, and dampens appetite. METHODS Ten healthy male volunteers were investigated on two separate occasions: 1) following oral ingestion of D/L-Na-lactate and 2) following oral ingestion of isotonic iso-voluminous NaCl and intravenous iso-lactemic D/L-Na-lactate infusions. Appetite was evaluated by questionnaires and ad libitum meal tests were performed at the end of each study day. Gastric emptying rate was evaluated using the acetaminophen test. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of growth differential factor 15 (GDF15, primary outcome) increased following oral and iv administration of lactate (p < 0.001) with no detectable difference between interventions (p = 0.15). Oral lactate administration lowered plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin (p = 0.02) and elevated glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1, p = 0.045), insulin (p < 0.001), and glucagon (p < 0.001) compared with iv administration. Oral lactate administration slowed gastric emptying (p < 0.001), increased the feeling of being "full" (p = 0.008) and lowered the "anticipated future food intake" (p = 0.007) compared with iv administration. Food intake during the ad libitum meal test did not differ between the two study days. CONCLUSION Oral lactate administration has a direct effect on the upper gastrointestinal tract, affecting gut hormone secretion, motility and appetite sensations which cannot be mediated through lactate in the systemic circulation alone. These data suggest that compounds rich in lactate may be useful in the treatment of metabolic disease. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT0429981, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04299815.
-
5.
Fat-rich versus carbohydrate-rich nutrition in ALS: a randomised controlled study.
Dorst, J, Doenz, J, Kandler, K, Dreyhaupt, J, Tumani, H, Witzel, S, Schuster, J, Ludolph, AC
Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2022;(3):298-302
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is growing evidence that the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be influenced beneficially by applying high-caloric food supplements (HCSs). However, it is unknown which composition of nutrients offers optimal tolerability and weight gain. METHODS We conducted a randomised controlled study (Safety and Tolerability of Ultra-high-caloric Food Supplements in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); TOLCAL-ALS study) in 64 patients with possible, probable or definite ALS according to El Escorial criteria. Patients were randomised into four groups: a high-caloric fatty supplement (HCFS; 405 kcal/day, 100% fat), an ultra-high-caloric fatty supplement (UHCFS; 810 kcal/day, 100% fat), an ultra-high-caloric, carbohydrate-rich supplement (UHCCS; 900 kcal/day, 49% carbohydrates) and an open control (OC) group without any supplement. The primary endpoint was tolerability. Patients were followed up over 4 weeks. RESULTS Gastrointestinal side effects were most frequent in the UHCFS group (75.0%), while loss of appetite was most frequent in the UHCCS group (35.3%). During intervention, patients gained +0.9 kg/month of body weight (IQR -0.9 to 1.5; p=0.03) in the HCFS group and +0.9 kg/month (IQR -0.8 to 2.0; p=0.05) in the UHCFS group. A non-significant trend for weight gain (+0.6 kg/month (IQR -0.3 to 1.9; p=0.08)) was observed in the UHCCS group. Patients in OC group continued to lose body weight (-0.5 kg/month, IQR -1.4 to 1.3; p=0.42). INTERPRETATION The findings suggest that HCSs frequently cause mild to moderate tolerability issues in patients with ALS, most notably gastrointestinal symptoms in high-fat supplements, and loss of appetite in high-carbohydrate supplements. All three HCSs tested are suited to increase body weight.
-
6.
Protective Effects of Melatonin against Obesity-Induced by Leptin Resistance.
Suriagandhi, V, Nachiappan, V
Behavioural brain research. 2022;:113598
Abstract
Consumption of an exceedingly high-fat diet with irregular eating and sleeping habits is typical in the current sedentary lifestyle, leading to chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes mellitus. Leptin is a primary appetite-regulating hormone that binds to its receptors in the hypothalamic cell membrane and regulates downstream appetite-regulating neurons NPY/AgRp and POMC in the hypothalamus. Based on the fat content of the adipose tissue, leptin is secreted, and excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue stimulates the abnormal secretion of leptin. The secreted leptin circulating in the bloodstream uses its transporters to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the CSF. There is a saturation limit for leptin bound to its transporters to cross the BBB, and increased leptin secretion in adipose tissue has a defect in its transport across the BBB. Leptin resistance is due to excess leptin, a saturation of its transporters, and deficiency in either the receptor level or signalling in the hypothalamus. Leptin resistance leads to obesity due to excess food intake and less energy expenditure. Normal leptin secretion follows a rhythm, and alteration in the lifestyle leads to hormonal imbalances and increases ROS generation leading to oxidative stress. The sleep disturbance causes obesity with increased lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Melatonin is the master regulator of the sleep-wake cycle secreted by the pineal gland during the night. It is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is secreted in a pattern called the circadian rhythm in humans as well. Research indicates that melatonin plays a vital role in hormonal regulation and energy metabolism, including leptin signalling and secretion. Studying the role of melatonin in leptin regulation will help us combat the pathologies of obesity caused by leptin resistance.
-
7.
Acute effects of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil on glucose tolerance, incretins, ghrelin and appetite in healthy humans.
Sørensen, KV, Korfitzen, SS, Kaspersen, MH, Ulven, ER, Ekberg, JH, Bauer-Brandl, A, Ulven, T, Højlund, K
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(4):2169-2179
Abstract
BACGROUND & AIM: Pinolenic acid, a major component (~20%) of pine nut oil, is a dual agonist of the free fatty acid receptors, FFA1 and FFA4, which may regulate release of incretins and ghrelin from the gut. Here, we investigated the acute effects of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), delivered to the small intestine by delayed-release capsules, on glucose tolerance, insulin, incretin and ghrelin secretion, and appetite. METHODS In two cross-over studies, we evaluated 3 g unhydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-TG) or 3 g PNO-FFA versus no oil in eight healthy, non-obese subjects (study 1), and 3 g PNO-FFA or 6 g PNO-FFA versus no oil in ten healthy, overweight/obese subjects (study 2) in both studies given in delayed-release capsules 30 min prior to a 4-h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Outcomes were circulating levels of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability during OGTT. RESULTS Both 3 g PNO-FFA in study 1 and 6 g PNO-FFA in study 2 markedly increased GLP-1 levels (p < 0.001) and attenuated ghrelin levels (p < 0.001) during the last 2 h of the OGTT compared with no oil. In study 2, these effects of PNO-FFA were accompanied by an increased satiety and fullness (p < 0.03), and decreased prospective food consumption (p < 0.05). PNO-FFA caused only small reductions in glucose and insulin levels during the first 2 h of the OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that PNO-FFA delivered to the small intestine by delayed-release capsules may reduce appetite by augmenting GLP-1 release and attenuating ghrelin secretion in the late postprandial state. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBERS NCT03062592 and NCT03305367.
-
8.
Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes - Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite.
Spanagel, R, Bilbao, A
Neuropharmacology. 2021;:108680
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids are used for numerous disease indications. However, cannabinoids can also produce adverse effects; for example, they can disturb physiological functions such as sleep and appetite. The medical use of cannabinoids refers to a wide variety of preparations and products. Approved cannabinoid products include dronabinol ((-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), nabilone (a THC analogue), and cannabidiol (CBD) that differ in their pharmacology and may thus have different adverse effects on sleep and appetite. OBJECTIVES Here we ask if (i) cannabinoids decrease sleep and appetite in somatic patients or patients that suffer from mental illness and if (ii) there is a difference between THC products (nabilone, dronabinol), vs. CBD in disturbing these physiological functions. METHODS In order to answer these two questions, we performed a comparative systematic review (SR) for nabilone, dronabinol, and CBD. For the comparative SR we searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and extracted information for adverse side effects or outcomes reporting a negative impact on sleep and appetite. RCT evidence was calculated as odds ratios (ORs) via fixed effects meta-analyses. Evidence quality was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias and GRADE tools. This study is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021229932). FINDINGS A total of 17 RCTs (n = 1479) and 15 RCTs (n = 1974) were included for sleep and appetite, respectively. Pharmaceutical THC (nabilone, dronabinol) does not affect sleep or appetite. In contrast, there is moderate evidence that CBD decreases appetite (OR = 2.46 [1.74:4.01] but has also no effect on sleep. INTERPRETATIONS Our comparative systematic study shows that approved cannabinoids can decrease appetite as a negative side effect - an effect that seems to be driven by CBD. Approved cannabinoid products do not negatively affect sleep in somatic and psychiatric patients. This article is part of the special Issue on "Cannabinoids".
-
9.
A preliminary investigation of the effects of short-duration, vigorous exercise following sleep restriction, fragmentation and extension on appetite and mood in inactive, middle-aged men.
Larsen, P, Marino, FE, Guelfi, K, Duffield, R, Skein, M
Journal of sleep research. 2021;(4):e13215
Abstract
This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on appetite and mood following multiple days of sleep disruption (restriction [RES], fragmentation [FRAG]) or sleep extension (EXT), compared to normal sleep (CONT) in inactive, middle-aged men. Nine men completed four randomised trials initiated by 3 nights (day 1-3) of CONT (6.5-8 hr), RES (4 hr), FRAG (6.5-8 hr, interrupted at 2-hr intervals) or EXT (10 hr). On day 4 between 08:30 and 11:00 hours, perceived appetite, food cravings, appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine [PYY]total ), glucose, mood states and wellness (stress, fatigue, soreness, and mood) were assessed before (post-sleep manipulation [SM]) and after (post-exercise [EX]) a 20-min vigorous cycling bout (rating of perceived exertion: 15). There was no effect of sleep manipulation or exercise on perceived appetite (p = .34-.62). Some aspects of food craving were altered after RES and EXT, with vigorous exercise attenuating the desire for sweet foods in RES (p = .12). PYYtotal was lower after RES compared to EXT and FRAG (p = .03), but was unaltered by exercise (p = .03). Ghrelin was higher for RES and EXT compared to CONT and FRAG after exercise (p = .001-.03). Total wellness was reduced and total mood disturbance (TMD) was higher after RES and FRAG compared to CONT and EXT (p ≤ .05). However, vigorous exercise countered these changes, with wellness and TMD remaining significantly impaired for FRAG compared to EXT only at this time (p = .02-.03). Vigorous exercise mitigates some aspects of food cravings and counters the impaired mood states that exist after multiple days of restricted and fragmented sleep.
-
10.
Appetite, the enteroendocrine system, gastrointestinal disease and obesity.
Crooks, B, Stamataki, NS, McLaughlin, JT
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2021;(1):50-58
Abstract
The enteroendocrine system is located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and makes up the largest endocrine system in the human body. Despite that, its roles and functions remain incompletely understood. Gut regulatory peptides are the main products of enteroendocrine cells, and play an integral role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients through their effect on intestinal secretions and gut motility. Several peptides, such as cholecystokinin, polypeptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1, have traditionally been reported to suppress appetite following food intake, so-called satiety hormones. In this review, we propose that, in the healthy individual, this system to regulate appetite does not play a dominant role in normal food intake regulation, and that there is insufficient evidence to wholly link postprandial endogenous gut peptides with appetite-related behaviours. Instead, or additionally, top-down, hedonic drive and neurocognitive factors may have more of an impact on food intake. In GI disease however, supraphysiological levels of these hormones may have more of an impact on appetite regulation as well as contributing to other unpleasant abdominal symptoms, potentially as part of an innate response to injury. Further work is required to better understand the mechanisms involved in appetite control and unlock the therapeutic potential offered by the enteroendocrine system in GI disease and obesity.