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Accelerated Muscle Recovery in Baseball Pitchers Using Phase Change Material Cooling.
Mullaney, MJ, McHugh, MP, Kwiecien, SY, Ioviero, N, Fink, A, Howatson, G
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2021;(1):228-235
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to document recovery after a pitching performance and determine whether prolonged postgame phase change material (PCM) cooling of the shoulder and forearm accelerates recovery. METHODS Strength, soreness, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were assessed before and on the 2 d after pitching performances in 16 college pitchers. Pitchers were randomized to receive either postgame PCM cooling packs on the shoulder and forearm or no cooling (control). PCM packs were applied inside compression shirts and delivered cooling at a constant temperature of 15°C for 3 h. Strength was assessed for shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), empty can (EC) test, and grip. RESULTS Total pitch count was 60 ± 16 for 23 PCM cooling games and 62 ± 17 for 24 control games (P = 0.679). On the days after pitching, IR strength (P = 0.006) and grip strength (P = 0.036) were higher in the PCM cooling group versus control. One day after pitching, IR strength was 95% ± 14% of baseline with PCM cooling versus 83% ± 13% for control (P = 0.008, effect size d = 0.91) and 107% ± 9% versus 95% ± 10% for grip strength (P = 0.022, effect size d = 1.29). There was a trend for greater ER strength with PCM cooling (P = 0.091, effect size d = 0.51). The EC strength was not impaired after pitching (P = 0.147) and was therefore unaffected by PCM cooling (P = 0.168). Elevations in soreness and CK were not different between treatments (treatment-time CK P = 0.139, shoulder soreness P = 0.885, forearm soreness P = 0.206). CONCLUSION This is one of the first studies to document impairments in muscle function on the days after baseball pitching, and the first study showing a novel cryotherapy intervention that accelerates recovery of muscle function in baseball pitchers after a game.
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2.
Review of cardiometabolic risk factors among current professional football and professional baseball players.
Helzberg, JH, Camilo, J, Waeckerle, JF, O'Keefe, JH
The Physician and sportsmedicine. 2010;(3):77-83
Abstract
Data on the development of cardiovascular disease in professional football players are conflicting. Studies have documented a higher prevalence of obesity, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, increased left ventricular and left atrial size, and higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in former professional football linemen compared with nonlinemen. It has been suggested that former National Football League players are at risk for early cardiovascular disease and premature death. A print media report in 2006 indicated an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease and early mortality in professional football players compared with professional baseball players. However, there has been little scientific evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in professional baseball players. Our data suggest that there is increased cardiovascular disease risk in football players, but this is limited to heavier linemen. In preliminary studies, baseball players do not appear to demonstrate the same increased risk. However, caution should be used in the interpretation of increased cardiovascular disease risk, as it does not necessarily translate into early increased mortality.
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3.
Bilateral and recurrent myositis ossificans in an athlete: a case report and review of treatment options.
Miller, AE, Davis, BA, Beckley, OA
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2006;(2):286-90
Abstract
An unusual case of recurrent myositis ossificans (MO) bilaterally in the hamstring muscles of a 47-year-old athlete secondary to trauma is presented with a review of the literature of current treatment options. MO is a common condition that occurs among athletes in association with muscle and/or tendon strain or contusion. After an extensive literature review, we believe this to be the first case reported of recurrent and bilateral MO in a nonsurgical setting from recurrent hamstring strains. Plain radiographs and physical examination revealed the appearance and chronology of this pathology. Treatment options to improve flexibility and decrease morbidity are discussed along with prophylaxis for future injury. Treatment of mobility and flexibility, rehabilitation goals and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bisphosphonates, and magnesium are discussed along with prophylaxis.
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4.
The effects of various therapeutic measures on shoulder strength and muscle soreness after baseball pitching.
Yanagisawa, O, Miyanaga, Y, Shiraki, H, Shimojo, H, Mukai, N, Niitsu, M, Itai, Y
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2003;(2):189-201
Abstract
AIM: This study was intended as an investigation of the effects of various therapeutic measures on the shoulder strength and muscle soreness after baseball pitching. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN participants threw 98 pitches in a simulated single game. The mode of the therapeutic measures after pitching were classified into 4 groups; the control group (CON), the ice treatment group (IT), the light shoulder exercise group (LSE) and the ice treatment with LSE group (ILSE). Each therapeutic measure was applied to the dominant shoulder immediately after pitching. PARTICIPANTS 7 healthy, skilled baseball pitchers. MEASURES both shoulder strength and muscle soreness were measured before pitching, immediately after pitching (Post-P), at the time of the therapeutic measure (Post-TM), and 24 hours after pitching (Post-24 h). RESULTS All 4 groups showed shoulder strength losses in shoulder abduction, internal/external rotation with no shoulder abduction or with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees immediately after pitching. ILSE had greater recovery from Post-P values at Post-TM or Post-24 h than the other methods in all 5 shoulder strengths. On the other hand, the soreness in shoulder internal rotation was increased significantly from Post-P and continued by Post-24 h. Both IT and ILSE had beneficial effects on reducing the shoulder muscle soreness at Post-TM or Post-24 h. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggested that ILSE was the optimal therapeutic measure against decreased shoulder strength or increased shoulder muscle soreness resulting from the repetitive baseball pitching.
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5.
The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes.
Livolsi, JM, Adams, GM, Laguna, PL
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2001;(2):161-6
Abstract
Fifteen women softball athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups, the chromium treatment group (n = 8) and the placebo control group (n = 7) to examine the effect of chromium, in the form of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation, on muscular strength, body composition (body weight, percent body fat, and lean body mass), and urinary excretion. The CrPic supplementation consisted of a 500 ug dosage taken once per day. All participants trained 3 times per week with 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) using variable resistance machines and free weights. No significant (p < 0.05) differences in muscular strength or body composition were found after 6 weeks of resistance training. In addition, chromium excretion (microg per 24 every hours) was examined and increased significantly with the treatment group after the 6-week period.