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Fructose intervention for 12 weeks does not impair glycemic control or incretin hormone responses during oral glucose or mixed meal tests in obese men.
Matikainen, N, Söderlund, S, Björnson, E, Bogl, LH, Pietiläinen, KH, Hakkarainen, A, Lundbom, N, Eliasson, B, Räsänen, SM, Rivellese, A, et al
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2017;(6):534-542
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are affected early on in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Epidemiologic studies consistently link high fructose consumption to insulin resistance but whether fructose consumption impairs the incretin response remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS As many as 66 obese (BMI 26-40 kg/m2) male subjects consumed fructose-sweetened beverages containing 75 g fructose/day for 12 weeks while continuing their usual lifestyle. Glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and GIP were measured during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and triglycerides (TG), GLP-1, GIP and PYY during a mixed meal test before and after fructose intervention. Fructose intervention did not worsen glucose and insulin responses during OGTT, and GLP-1 and GIP responses during OGTT and fat-rich meal were unchanged. Postprandial TG response increased significantly, p = 0.004, and we observed small but significant increases in weight and liver fat content, but not in visceral or subcutaneous fat depots. However, even the subgroups who gained weight or liver fat during fructose intervention did not worsen their glucose, insulin, GLP-1 or PYY responses. A minor increase in GIP response during OGTT occurred in subjects who gained liver fat (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION In obese males with features of metabolic syndrome, 12 weeks fructose intervention 75 g/day did not change glucose, insulin, GLP-1 or GIP responses during OGTT or GLP-1, GIP or PYY responses during a mixed meal. Therefore, fructose intake, even accompanied with mild weight gain, increases in liver fat and worsening of postprandial TG profile, does not impair glucose tolerance or gut incretin response to oral glucose or mixed meal challenge.
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A Multicomponent Intervention Helped Reduce Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake in Economically Disadvantaged Hispanic Children.
Feng, D, Song, H, Esperat, MC, Black, I
American journal of health promotion : AJHP. 2016;(8):594-603
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of a multicomponent intervention program on consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and lifestyle factors associated with SSB intake, in Hispanic children from low-income families. DESIGN A five-wave longitudinal study using a quasi-experimental design was conducted. SETTING Five elementary schools in West Texas served as the setting. SUBJECTS Participants included 555 predominantly Hispanic children (ages 5-9 years) from low-income families and their parents (n = 525). INTERVENTION A multicomponent intervention program was implemented. MEASURES Children's anthropometric measures were obtained. Their weight status was determined based on body mass index for age and gender. Parents responded to a demographic questionnaire, a shelf inventory, an acculturation scale, and a family survey. ANALYSIS Growth curve analyses were used to test differences between intervention and comparison participants' SSB intake and to examine potential covariates. RESULTS Comparison group children's daily SSB intake significantly increased over time (B = 1.06 ± .40 ounces per month, p < .01), but this linear increase of SSB was slowed down by the intervention (B = -.29 ± .12, p < .05). More daily TV time, more fast food intake, and more types of SSBs available at home were associated with higher SSB intake. CONCLUSION Risk factors of childhood obesity were associated with each other. The intervention program produced a modest reduction in SSB consumed by economically disadvantaged and predominantly Hispanic children.
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Gastrointestinal tolerance of erythritol-containing beverage in young children: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Jacqz-Aigrain, E, Kassai, B, Cornu, C, Cazaubiel, JM, Housez, B, Cazaubiel, M, Prével, JM, Bell, M, Boileau, A, de Cock, P
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;(6):746-51
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To determine gastrointestinal (GI) responses and maximum tolerated dose of erythritol in young children given as a single oral dose in a 250-ml non-carbonated fruit-flavoured beverage in between meals. This is a multicentre double-blind study with sequential design for multiple dose groups and randomised crossover for comparators of placebo vs dose. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 185 healthy young children aged 4-6 years were recruited at three clinical investigation centres after informed consent of both parents; 184 children completed the study. Children were included in one of the four dose groups (5, 15, 20 or 25 g erythritol) and exposed randomly to only one single dose vs an isosweet sucrose placebo. After consumption in the clinic and an observation period, GI symptoms and stooling patterns were recorded during the next 48 h. RESULTS Statistically significantly more episodes of diarrhoea and/or severe GI symptoms were observed in the 20 and 25 g groups compared with placebo, but not in the 5 and 15 g groups. Stool consistency, as measured by Bristol stool scale, was lower in the 15-, 20- and 25 g groups for the first 24 -h period, but not at later time points. Incidences of nausea, vomiting, borborygmi, excess flatus and abdominal pain were not significantly different from the placebo controls at all doses of erythritol. CONCLUSIONS Rapid ingestion of up to and including 15 g (6% w/v) of erythritol in a beverage in between meals by young children aged 4-6 years was well tolerated. The no observed effect level for diarrhoea and/or severe GI symptoms was 15 g (0.73 g/kg body weight (bw)). Children appeared not to be more sensitive to the GI effects of erythritol than published for adults on a g/kg bw basis.
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No difference in ad libitum energy intake in healthy men and women consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, or high-fructose corn syrup: a randomized trial.
Kuzma, JN, Cromer, G, Hagman, DK, Breymeyer, KL, Roth, CL, Foster-Schubert, KE, Holte, SE, Callahan, HS, Weigle, DS, Kratz, M
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;(6):1373-80
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased energy intake is consistently observed in individuals consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), likely mainly because of an inadequate satiety response to liquid calories. However, SSBs have a high content of fructose, the consumption of which acutely fails to trigger responses in key signals involved in energy homeostasis. It is unclear whether the fructose content of SSBs contributes to the increased energy intake in individuals drinking SSBs. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the relative amounts of fructose and glucose in SSBs modifies ad libitum energy intake over 8 d in healthy adults without fructose malabsorption. DESIGN We conducted 2 randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover studies to compare the effects of consuming 4 servings/d of a fructose-, glucose-, or aspartame-sweetened beverage (study A; n = 9) or a fructose-, glucose-, or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage (study B; n = 24) for 8 d on overall energy intake. SSBs were provided at 25% of estimated energy requirement, or an equivalent volume of the aspartame-sweetened beverage, and consumption was mandatory. All solid foods were provided at 125% of estimated energy requirements and were consumed ad libitum. RESULTS In study A, ad libitum energy intake was 120% ± 10%, 117% ± 12%, and 102% ± 15% of estimated energy requirements when subjects consumed the fructose-, glucose-, and aspartame-sweetened beverages. Energy intake was significantly higher in the fructose and glucose phases than in the aspartame phase (P < 0.003 for each), with no difference between the fructose and glucose phases (P = 0.462). In study B, total energy intake during the fructose, HFCS, and glucose phases was 116% ± 14%, 116% ± 16%, and 116% ± 16% of the subject's estimated total energy requirements (P = 0.880). CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, total 8-d ad libitum energy intake was increased in individuals consuming SSBs compared with aspartame-sweetened beverages. The energy overconsumption observed in individuals consuming SSBs occurred independently of the relative amounts of fructose and glucose in the beverages. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00475475 and NCT01424306.
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Influence of age on the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cocoa flavanols in healthy subjects.
Rodriguez-Mateos, A, Cifuentes-Gomez, T, Gonzalez-Salvador, I, Ottaviani, JI, Schroeter, H, Kelm, M, Heiss, C, Spencer, JP
Molecular nutrition & food research. 2015;(8):1504-12
Abstract
SCOPE An understanding of the pharmacokinetics of structurally related (-)-epicatechin metabolites (SREM) is a prerequisite for considering cocoa flavanols (CF) in the context of dietary recommendations. The objective of this study was to compare the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of SREM in healthy young and elderly Caucasian men. METHODS AND RESULTS Intraindividual variability of SREM was assessed in seven young subjects, after consuming 10.7 mg CF/kg body weight (BW) on two occasions separated by 1 week. The effect of age on flavanols ADME was assessed in 20 young (18-35 years) and 20 elderly (65-80 years) healthy male subjects receiving 5.3 and 10.7 mg total CF/kg BW or 1 g of acetaminophen as a control to compare differences in Phase II metabolism on three days separated by 1 week of wash-out. Blood and urine samples were collected for 24-h post consumption. The intraindividual variation, measured as CV(%) with respect to the area-under-the-curve of the concentration over time (AUC(0-6h) ) of SREM, was 16%, while the interindividual variation in AUC(0-6h) , was 38%, comparable to acetaminophen (39%). The AUC(0-6h) and the 24-h excretion of total SREM was not significantly different between young and elderly subjects. At the high intake amount, the AUC(0-6h) of (-)-epicatechin-3'-β-D-glucuronide was greater in elderly subjects, whereas the AUC(0-6h) of 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-5-sulfate and 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-7-sulfate as well as the 24-h urinary excretion of γ-valerolactone metabolites were lower in the elderly. CONCLUSION Cocoa flavanols are absorbed, metabolized, and excreted in healthy young and elderly subjects with relatively small differences between the two groups.
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Acute effects of calcium citrate with or without a meal, calcium-fortified juice and a dairy product meal on serum calcium and phosphate: a randomised cross-over trial.
Bristow, SM, Gamble, GD, Stewart, A, Kalluru, R, Horne, AM, Reid, IR
The British journal of nutrition. 2015;(10):1585-94
Abstract
Ca supplements, but not dietary Ca, have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. This difference could be related to differences in their acute effects on serum Ca. We therefore examined the effects of Ca from different sources on serum Ca and phosphate in a randomised, cross-over trial of ten women (mean age of 69 years). Fasting participants received a single dose of 500 mg of Ca as citrate, citrate with a meal, fortified juice or a dairy product meal, with at least 6 d between each intervention. Blood was sampled before and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after each intervention was ingested. Serum ionised and total Ca increased significantly from baseline over 6 h. Using calcium citrate fasting as a comparator, the elevations in ionised and total Ca were similar after fortified juice, delayed after calcium citrate with a meal and smaller after a dairy product meal. Serum phosphate and calcium-phosphate product increased from baseline after calcium citrate with a meal and after a dairy product meal, and they declined after calcium citrate fasting and after fortified juice. The elevations in serum Ca in the present study were only slightly different from those observed after the administration of 1000 mg of Ca in a previous study. These data indicate that different sources of Ca have different acute effects on serum Ca and support recommendations that dietary Ca might be safer than supplements. Whether these differences contribute to differences in cardiovascular risk requires further study.
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Correlating the structure and in vitro digestion viscosities of different pectin fibers to in vivo human satiety.
Logan, K, Wright, AJ, Goff, HD
Food & function. 2015;(1):63-71
Abstract
The effects of a simulated in vitro digestion on the viscosity of orange juice with added high methoxyl (HM), low methoxyl (LM), and low methoxyl amidated (LMA) pectins were examined in conjunction with a human satiety study with healthy men (n=10) and women (n=15). Orange juice solutions were formulated to be either low (0.039±0.007 Pa s) or high viscosity (0.14±0.035 Pa s). The apparent viscosities after an in vitro digestion simulating the gastric and small intestinal phases in the presence of hydrolytic enzymes and bile salts were recorded at 10 and 50 s⁻¹. The viscosity induced by LM pectin increased considerably after the gastric phase whereas samples with all pectin types showed considerable reductions in viscosity, compared to initial apparent viscosity, after the small intestinal phase. For satiety testing, the orange juice solutions were consumed with a standardized breakfast meal after a 12 h overnight fast. Self-reported visual analogue scale (VAS) measurements of Hunger, Fullness, Satisfaction and Prospective Food Intake were obtained at fasting, after consumption of the breakfast and for the subsequent 3 h. The LM low and high viscosity pectin beverages were associated with the greatest effects on subjective ratings of satiety. The HM low and high viscosity pectin beverages had lower but significant effects on satiety, while LMA pectin had no effect. There was not a strong correlation between apparent viscosity of in vitro digested beverages and in vivo satiety scores. Thus, in this study, fiber-induced satiety could not be fully explained by digestate viscosity alone although gastric-phase viscosity may have played a significant role.
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Fruit juice drinks prevent endogenous antioxidant response to high-fat meal ingestion.
Miglio, C, Peluso, I, Raguzzini, A, Villaño, DV, Cesqui, E, Catasta, G, Toti, E, Serafini, M
The British journal of nutrition. 2014;(2):294-300
Abstract
High-fat meals (HFM) induce metabolic stress, leading to the activation of protective mechanisms, including inflammation and endogenous antioxidant defences. In the present study, we investigated the effects of antioxidant-rich fruit juice drinks on the endogenous antioxidant response induced by HFM. In a double-blind, cross-over design (10 d washout), fourteen overweight volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the following interventions: HFM+500 ml placebo beverage (HFM-PB, free from fruit); HFM+500 ml antioxidant beverage 1 (HFM-AB1; apple, grape, blueberry and pomegranate juices and grape skin, grape seed and green tea extracts); HFM+500 ml antioxidant beverage 2 (HFM-AB2; pineapple, black currant and plum juices). HFM-PB consumption increased the plasma levels of thiols (SH) (4 h, P< 0·001) and uric acid (UA) (2 h, P< 0·01) and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) (4 h, P< 0·01). Following the consumption of drinks, UA production was significantly reduced with respect to placebo beverage consumption 8 h after HFM-AB2 consumption (P< 0·05). SH levels were reduced 0·5 (P< 0·05), 1 (P< 0·05) and 2 h (P< 0·01) after HFM-AB1 consumption and 2, 4 and 8 h (P< 0·05) after HFM-AB2 consumption. Plasma TRAP (2 h, P< 0·001) and urinary ferric reducing antioxidant power (0-8 h, P< 0·01) were increased by HFM-AB1 consumption, the drink with the highest in vitro antioxidant capacity, but not by HFM-AB2 consumption. In urine, UA levels were significantly increased from basal levels after the consumption of HFM-PB and HFM-AB2. However, neither of the beverages increased the urinary excretion of UA with respect to the placebo beverage. In conclusion, the increase in UA and SH levels induced by HFM as part of an endogenous antioxidant response to postprandial stress can be prevented by the concomitant ingestion of antioxidant-rich fruit juice drinks.
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Anthocyanins from fruit juices improve the antioxidant status of healthy young female volunteers without affecting anti-inflammatory parameters: results from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over ANTHONIA (ANTHOcyanins in Nutrition Investigation Alliance) study.
Kuntz, S, Kunz, C, Herrmann, J, Borsch, CH, Abel, G, Fröhling, B, Dietrich, H, Rudloff, S
The British journal of nutrition. 2014;(6):925-36
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACN) can exert beneficial health effects not only through their antioxidative potential but also through modulation of inflammatory parameters that play a major role in CVD. A randomised cross-over study was carried out to investigate the effects of ACN-rich beverage ingestion on oxidation- and inflammation-related parameters in thirty healthy female volunteers. The participants consumed 330 ml of beverages (placebo, juice and smoothie with 8·9 (SD 0·3), 983·7 (SD 37) and 840·9 (SD 10) mg/l ACN, respectively) over 14 d. Before and after each intervention, blood and 24 h urine samples were collected. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities increased significantly after ACN-rich beverage ingestion (P<0·001), whereas after placebo juice ingestion no increase could be observed. Plasma glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte SOD activities were not affected. An increase in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity could also be observed after juice (P<0·001) and smoothie (P<0·01) ingestion. The plasma and urinary concentrations of malondialdehyde decreased after ACN-rich beverage ingestion (P<0·001), whereas those of 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine as well as inflammation-related parameters (IL-2, -6, -8 and -10, C-reactive peptide, soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and soluble cell adhesion molecules) were not affected. Thus, ingestion of ACN-rich beverages improves antioxidant enzyme activities and plasma antioxidant capacity, thus protecting the body against oxidative stress, a hallmark of ongoing atherosclerosis.
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Effects of polyphenol-rich chokeberry juice on antioxidant/pro-oxidant status in healthy subjects.
Kardum, N, Konić-Ristić, A, Savikin, K, Spasić, S, Stefanović, A, Ivanišević, J, Miljković, M
Journal of medicinal food. 2014;(8):869-74
Abstract
Berry fruits are a rich source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins: well-known potent anti-oxidant phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate beneficial effects of long-term consumption of polyphenol-rich organic chokeberry juice on different markers of antioxidant/pro-oxidant status in healthy female volunteers. Twenty-nine women, aged 25-49, were included in the study. Serological markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence, blood pressure, routine biochemical, and anthropometric parameters were analyzed at baseline and after twelve weeks of regular chokeberry juice consumption. Significant decrease in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances level (TBARS; P<.001) and pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB; P<.05), as well as increase in paroxonase-1 activity toward diazoxon (P<.01) were found. Total oxidative status and sulphydryl groups levels were not significantly influenced by the intervention. Anthropometric, biochemical parameters, and blood pressure values were within the referent values for all subjects and were not influenced by the chokeberry juice consumption. However, we found positive correlation between age, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percent, blood pressure, and analyzed marker of lipid peroxidation, which was influenced by the consumption. In conclusion, the fine modulation of several antioxidant/pro-oxidant status biomarkers observed in healthy subjects indicates putative prophylactic effects of polyphenol-rich chokeberry juice and supports its importance as part of an optimal diet.