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Long-Term Dietary Changes in Subjects with Glucose Galactose Malabsorption Secondary to Biallelic Mutations of SLC5A1.
Chan, AP, Namjoshi, SS, Jardack, PM, Maloney, L, Ardjmand, A, Jackson, NN, Martin, MG
Digestive diseases and sciences. 2021;(12):4414-4422
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose galactose malabsorption (GGM) is a congenital diarrheal disorder of intestinal Na+/glucose cotransport (SGLT1/SLC5A1). The required glucose and galactose-restricted diet has been well described in infancy, but long-term nutrition follow-up is limited. AIM: To perform a comprehensive nutritional assessment on a cohort of patients with GGM to gain insights into the consumption patterns within the population. METHODS A cross-sectional study examining dietary intake of a GGM cohort using prospective food records. The calories and nutrients of all foods, beverages, and condiments were analyzed with descriptive statistics and compared to intake patterns of age- and sex-matched NHANES groups. RESULTS The six patients were 0.7-26 years old. Whole foods and vegetable fats were major parts of the diet, while dairy and added sweeteners were restricted. Compared to typical US intakes, mean macronutrient distribution was 88th percentile from fat, 18th percentile from carbohydrates, and 78th percentile from protein. Fructose consumption, as a proportion of total sugar intake, decreased with age, from 86.1 to 50.4%. Meanwhile, glucose consumption increased with age, from 13.8 to 48.6% of sugar intake. However, the actual amount of glucose consumed remained low, equivalent to 4th percentile of US consumption level. Galactose intake was marginal throughout life. CONCLUSIONS A GGM diet is a high-fat and high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables but limited in dairy and added sugar. Relatively less fructose but more glucose is incorporated into the diet with age. Future studies should investigate the effects of the GGM diet on gut microbiome and long-term health.
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Cardiac risk factors: new cholesterol and blood pressure management guidelines.
Anthony, D, George, P, Eaton, CB
FP essentials. 2014;:28-43
Abstract
The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guidelines depart from low-density lipoprotein (LDL) treatment targets and recommend treating four specific patient groups with statins. Statins are the only cholesterol-lowering drugs with randomized trial evidence of benefit for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The groups are patients with clinical ASCVD; patients ages 40 to 75 years with diabetes and LDL of 70 to 189 mg/dL but no clinical ASCVD; patients 21 years or older with LDL levels of 190 mg/dL or higher; and patients ages 40 to 75 years with LDL of 70 to 189 mg/dL without clinical ASCVD or diabetes but with 10-year ASCVD risk of 7.5% or higher. Ten-year ASCVD risk may be calculated using the Pooled Cohort Equations. The Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) guidelines for blood pressure management recommend a blood pressure goal of less than 140/90 mm Hg for all adults except those 60 years or older. For the latter group, the JNC 8 recommends a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 150 mm Hg. In another notable change from prior guidelines, the JNC 8 recommends relaxing the systolic blood pressure goal for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease to less than 140 mm Hg from less than 130 mm Hg.