1.
Appropriate nutritional management in patients with impaired mastication and those with mild dysphagia: a multicenter study of the usefulness of novel foods processed and softened by enzymes.
Higashiguchi, T, Ito, A, Nishiyama, H, Shigematsu, T, Ishikawa, A, Kato, H, Iijima, S, Kikuchi, N
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2017;(6):1007-1015
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the safety of iEAT (a food that is softened by heat and enzyme homogeneous permeation) and iEAT-affected nutrition parameters, e.g., nutrition intake (calculated from the consumption rate in patients with impaired mastication and those with mild dysphagia). METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN A multicenter, randomized, cross-over study of iEAT was conducted in 50 patients (mean age 77.0±11.0 years) with dysphagia due to Occasional aspiration (4 points on the Dysphagia Severity Scale [DSS]) or Oral problems (5 points) randomly assigned to the study diet (iEAT) or its opposite (the modified traditional [control] diet) for 1 week and then switched for 1 week to the opposing diet. Intake of energy, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and sodium were evaluated along with questionnaire-assessed levels of satisfaction. RESULTS The mean intake was significantly lower for the study diet, whereas the intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate on day 1, intake of protein on day 7, and body weight on day 7 were significantly higher for the study diet. We found no between-group differences in hematologic and blood biochemistry parameters, no diet-related adverse events, greater satisfaction with the appearance of the study diet (p<0.001), and comparable levels of satisfaction with ease of eating, ease of swallowing, and taste for both diets. CONCLUSIONS iEAT was provided to patients with mild dysphagia as safely as a blender diet or other diets usually provided at each study site, and can serve as an efficient nutrition source.
2.
Effect of increasing doses of Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin on apolipoproteins, enzymes and lipid transfer proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory parameters.
Karalis, IK, Bergheanu, SC, Wolterbeek, R, Dallinga-Thie, GM, Hattori, H, van Tol, A, Liem, AH, Wouter Jukema, J
Current medical research and opinion. 2010;(10):2301-13
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper contains detailed results of a sub-population of the prospective randomized RADAR (Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin in different Dosages And Reverse cholesterol transport) study. OBJECTIVE Statin treatment results in substantially decreased incidence of cardiovascular events but the exact pathophysiological mechanism of their beneficial effect is yet unclear. We aimed to examine the effects of up-titrated doses of two widely used statins (atorvastatin (ATOR) and rosuvastatin (ROSU)) on parameters involved in lipoprotein metabolism, in patients with low high density lipoprotein cholesterol values (HDL-C). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this RADAR substudy, 80 patients, aged 40-80 years, with known cardiovascular disease and low HDL-C (<1.0 mmol/l), were randomized to receive, after an initial 6 week dietary run-in phase, either ATOR 20 mg (n = 41) or ROSU 10 mg (n = 39). The doses were up-titrated (in 6 week intervals) to 80 mg of ATOR or 40 mg of ROSU at 12 weeks. Serum lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism parameters were measured at baseline and at 6 and 18 weeks of follow up. RESULTS Both statins significantly reduced total cholesterol (TChol) and non-HDL-C values with ROSU being more effective for the doses studied (p < 0.05). No statistically significant effect on HDL-C was observed for either statin. Apolipoproteins (apo) B, CI, CIII, AV and E were significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05), while the ratio of HDL particles containing both apoAI and apoAII (LpAI-AII) over HDL containing apoAI alone (LpAI) was changed for both statins with the decrease of LpAI being more prominent in the ATOR group (p = 0.028). Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) mass and activity, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mass and activity were all significantly reduced in both treatment groups over the follow-up period (p < 0.001). ATOR displayed a more prominent decrease of PLTP activity compared to ROSU (p = 0.043), while ROSU displayed a more prominent decrease of Lp-PLA2 activity compared to ATOR (p = 0.04). Both statins effectively reduced, in a dose-dependent way, high sensitivity C-reactive protein values over time, while no effect on the levels of circulating inter cellular adhesion molecule 1 (cICAM-1) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The effects of statin treatment extend further and beyond a mere TChol and LDL cholesterol reduction, as demonstrated by the aforementioned alterations of lipoproteins, enzymes and lipid transfer proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism and pro-atherogenic and inflammatory molecules. ROSU and ATOR displayed a similar pattern of effect on lipid metabolism with discrete differences in the magnitude of this effect in certain variables. Despite the limitations of small population size and lack of clinical end points, reported data provide an insight for the possible pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the effect of increasing dosages of different statin treatments.