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Postprandial Lipemic Responses to Various Sources of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fat in Adults.
Sciarrillo, CM, Koemel, NA, Tomko, PM, Bode, KB, Emerson, SR
Nutrients. 2019;(5)
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is a cardiovascular disease risk factor. However, the effects of different fat sources on PPL remain unclear. We aimed to determine the postprandial response in triglycerides (TG) to four dietary fat sources in adults. METHODS Participants completed four randomized meal trials. For each meal trial, participants (n = 10; 5M/5F) consumed a high-fat meal (HFM) (13 kcal/kg; 61% of total kcal from fat) with the fat source derived from butter, coconut oil, olive oil, or canola oil. Blood was drawn hourly for 6 h post-meal to quantify PPL. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA of TG revealed a time effect (p < 0.0001), but no time-meal interaction (p = 0.56), or meal effect (p = 0.35). Meal trials did not differ with regard to TG total (p = 0.33) or incremental (p = 0.14) area-under-the-curve. When stratified by sex and the TG response was averaged across meals, two-way ANOVA revealed a time effect (p < 0.0001), time-group interaction (p = 0.0001), and group effect (p = 0.048), with men exhibiting a greater response than women, although this difference could be attributed to the pronounced difference in BMI between men and women within the sample. CONCLUSION In our sample of young adults, postprandial TG responses to a single HFM comprised of different fat sources did not differ.
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Proteome from patients with metabolic syndrome is regulated by quantity and quality of dietary lipids.
Rangel-Zúñiga, OA, Camargo, A, Marin, C, Peña-Orihuela, P, Pérez-Martínez, P, Delgado-Lista, J, González-Guardia, L, Yubero-Serrano, EM, Tinahones, FJ, Malagón, MM, et al
BMC genomics. 2015;(1):509
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a multi-component disorder associated to a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Its etiology is the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including dietary habits. We aimed to identify the target proteins modulated by the long-term consumption of four diets differing in the quality and quantity of lipids in the whole proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS A randomized, controlled trial conducted within the LIPGENE study assigned 24 MetS patients for 12 weeks each to 1 of 4 diets: a) high-saturated fatty acid (HSFA), b) high-monounsaturated fatty acid (HMUFA), c) low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets supplemented with placebo (LFHCC) and d) low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets supplemented with long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (LFHCC n-3). We analyzed the changes induced in the proteome of both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of PBMC using 2-D proteomic analysis. Sixty-seven proteins were differentially expressed after the long-term consumption of the four diets. The HSFA diet induced the expression of proteins responding to oxidative stress, degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and DNA repair. However, HMUFA, LFHCC and LFHCC n-3 diets down-regulated pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress-related proteins and DNA repairing proteins. CONCLUSION The long-term consumption of HSFA, compared to HMUFA, LFHCC and LFHCC n-3, seems to increase the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, and seem lead to DNA damage as a consequence of high oxidative stress.
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Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans.
Goltz, SR, Campbell, WW, Chitchumroonchokchai, C, Failla, ML, Ferruzzi, MG
Molecular nutrition & food research. 2012;(6):866-77
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary lipids are considered to be primary potentiators of carotenoid absorption, yet the amount and source required to optimize bioavailability has not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of both amount and source of triacylglycerols on postprandial absorption of carotenoids from vegetable salads. METHODS AND RESULTS Healthy subjects (n = 29) were randomized using a Latin square design (3 × 3) and consumed three identical salads with 3, 8, or 20 g of canola oil, soybean oil, or butter. Blood was collected from 0-10 h and triacylglycerol-rich fractions (TRLs) were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Carotenoid contents of TRL fractions were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Considering all lipid sources, 20 g of lipid promoted higher absorption compared to 3 and 8 g for all carotenoid species (p < 0.05), except for α-carotene (p = 0.07). The source of lipid had less impact on the absorption of carotenoids than amount of lipid. Pooling results from all lipid amounts, monounsaturated fatty acid rich canola oil trended toward enhancing absorption of lutein and α-carotene compared to saturated fatty acid rich butter (p = 0.06 and p = 0.08, respectively). CONCLUSION While both amount and source of co-consumed lipid affect carotenoid bioavailability from vegetables, amount appears to exert a stronger effect.
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Effect of substituting saturated with monounsaturated fatty acids on serum visfatin levels and insulin resistance in overweight women: a randomized cross-over clinical trial.
Haghighatdoost, F, Hosseinzadeh-Attar, MJ, Kabiri, A, Eshraghian, M, Esmaillzadeh, A
International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2012;(7):772-81
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effects of a monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)-rich diet on serum visfatin, interleukin-6 and insulin levels among overweight women. DESIGN In this randomized cross-over clinical trial, 17 premenopausal overweight women were included. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either a hypocaloric, saturated fatty acids (SFA)-rich diet (16% SFA and 8% MUFA) or a hypocaloric, MUFA-rich diet (16% MUFA and 8% SFA) for 12 weeks crossing over after a 2-week washout period. Percentages of energy from other macronutrients were similar between the two diets. Biochemical and anthropometric assessments were done at the first and at the end of each period. Statistical analyses were done using paired t-test. In all statistical analysis, p < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS The participant's mean body mass index was 27.6 kg/m². Mean percentages of MUFA intake were 13% during MUFA-rich diet and 7% during SFA-rich diet. The corresponding values for SFA intake were 8.5% and 14%, respectively. We failed to find any significant differences between two intervention diets in terms of their effect on the serum levels of IL-6, visfatin and insulin. However, serum visfatin and IL-6 levels increased during the SFA-rich diet (0.4 ± 0.4 ng/ml and 0.19 ± 0.3 pg/ml, respectively) and decreased during the MUFA-rich diet (-0.7 ± 0.5 ng/ml and -0.17 ± 0.3 pg/ml, respectively). In spite of a slight reduction in both periods, changes in serum insulin levels did not reach significant levels comparing the two periods. CONCLUSIONS Our findings did not support any significant effect of a MUFA-rich intake on serum IL-6 and insulin levels as compared with a SFA-rich diet; however, it has the potential to favourably affect serum visfatin levels.
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Potential benefit of statin therapy for dyslipidemia with chronic kidney disease: Fluvastatin Renal Evaluation Trial (FRET).
Inoue, T, Ikeda, H, Nakamura, T, Abe, S, Taguchi, I, Kikuchi, M, Toyoda, S, Miyazono, M, Kishi, T, Sanai, T, et al
Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2011;(12):1273-8
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of CKD patients. AIM: The aim of the present study was to determine whether fluvastatin, which is mostly characterized by its pleiotropic anti-oxidant effects, has renoprotective effects in dyslipidemic patients with CKD. METHODS In 43 dyslipidemic patients with CKD taking fluvastatin 10 mg/day, 20 mg/day or 30 mg/day, renal functions as well as lipid profiles were assessed. RESULTS After 3 months of treatment with fluvastatin, LDL-cholesterol level significantly decreased. Serum creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) level and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level did not change in overall patients. However, in patients with microalbuminuria (baseline UAE ≥ 30 mg/g·creatinine; n = 23), the UAE significantly decreased [2.43 ± 0.67 to 1.98 ± 0.80 log(mg/g·creatinine), p = 0.01]. In patients with high L-FABP group (baseline L-FABP ≥ 11 µg/g·creatinine; n = 18), the urinary L-FABP level was significantly decreased (1.52 ± 0.45 to 1.26 ± 0.43 µg/g·creatinine, p < 0.01). In the limited 23 patients with microalbuminuria, the L-FABP level was significantly decreased [1.20 ± 0.62 to 1.03 ± 0.49 log(µg/g·creatinine), p = 0.042], although the LDL-cholesterol level (139 ± 28 to 129 ± 23 mg/dL, p = 0.08) only showed a tendency to decrease. The 8-OHdG level also was significantly decreased (13.6 ± 9.6 to 9.8 ± 3.8 ng/g·creatinine, p = 0.043). In the overall patients, changes in the values for UAE and urinary L-FABP were not correlated with the changes in LDL-levels. CONCLUSION Fluvastatin reduces both UAE and the urinary L-FABP level, and thus, has renoprotective effects, independent of its lipid lowering effects in dyslipidemic patients with CKD.
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Effects of meals rich in either monounsaturated or saturated fat on lipid concentrations and on insulin secretion and action in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations.
Lopez, S, Bermudez, B, Ortega, A, Varela, LM, Pacheco, YM, Villar, J, Abia, R, Muriana, FJ
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;(3):494-9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of dietary fats and fasting concentrations of triglycerides affect postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and glucose homeostasis. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to examine the effects of meals enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on postprandial lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations and to examine the extent of β cell function and insulin sensitivity in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. DESIGN Fourteen men with fasting hypertriglyceridemia and normal glucose tolerance were given meals (≈10 kcal/kg body weight) containing MUFAs, SFAs, or no fat. Blood samples were collected at baseline and hourly over 8 h for analysis. RESULTS The high-fat meals significantly increased postprandial concentrations of triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin and postprandial indexes of β cell function. However, postprandial indexes of insulin sensitivity decreased significantly. These effects were significantly attenuated with MUFAs relative to SFAs. CONCLUSIONS MUFAs postprandially buffered β cell hyperactivity and insulin intolerance relative to SFAs in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. These data suggest that, in contrast with SFAs, MUFA-based strategies may provide cardiovascular benefits to persons at risk by limiting lipid and insulin excursions and may contribute to optimal glycemic control after meal challenges.
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Effects of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, on coronary spasm after withdrawal of calcium-channel blockers.
Yasue, H, Mizuno, Y, Harada, E, Itoh, T, Nakagawa, H, Nakayama, M, Ogawa, H, Tayama, S, Honda, T, Hokimoto, S, et al
Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008;(18):1742-8
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) suppresses coronary spasm. BACKGROUND Coronary spasm is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Statins have been shown to improve endothelial function. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, end point study. Sixty-four patients who had no significant organic coronary stenosis and in whom coronary spasm was induced by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine (ACh) were randomly assigned to fluvastatin 30 mg/day plus the conventional calcium-channel blocker (CCB) therapy (31 patients, statin group) or the conventional CCB therapy (33 patients, nonstatin group). After 6 months of treatment, the intracoronary injection of ACh was repeated and the coronary spasm was assessed. RESULTS Coronary spasm was suppressed in 16 of the 31 patients (51.5%, p < 0.0001) of the statin group and in 7 of the 33 patients (21.2%, p = 0.0110) of the nonstatin group after 6 months of treatment. Thus, the number of patients with ACh-induced coronary spasm was significantly reduced in the statin group as compared with the nonstatin group (51.6% vs. 21.2%, p = 0.0231) after 6 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The addition of fluvastatin 30 mg/day to the conventional CCB therapy for 6 months significantly reduced the number of patients with ACh-induced coronary spasm as compared with the conventional CCB therapy. Thus, a statin (fluvastatin) may possibly be a novel therapeutic drug for coronary spasm.
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Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.
van der Graaf, A, Nierman, MC, Firth, JC, Wolmarans, KH, Marais, AD, de Groot, E
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2006;(11):1461-6
Abstract
AIM: To assess whether early initiation of statin therapy for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia favourably affects lipid profiles or vascular morphological changes. METHODS Children and adolescents aged 10-16 y with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia were administered fluvastatin (80 mg/d) for 2 y in a single-arm two-centre study. Carotid B-mode intima-media thickness (IMT) and M-mode arterial wall stiffness (beta) were recorded. Eighty of the 85 enrolled subjects completed the trial. RESULTS The median decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from baseline at last study visit was 33.9%; median decreases in total cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B were 27.1%, 5.3% and 24.2%, respectively; the median increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was 5.3%. Changes in carotid arterial wall thickness and stiffness versus baseline were fractional and statistically non-significant (delta IMT -0.005 mm, 95% CI -0.018 to +0.007 mm, n=83; and delta beta = 0.017, 95% CI -0.219 to +0.253, n=79). Adverse events, all non-serious, were reported by 58 subjects (68.2%); four were suspected to be drug-related. Change in hormone levels and sexual maturation were appropriate for this age group. CONCLUSION Fluvastatin lowered LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels effectively over a prolonged period in children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Carotid IMT and wall stiffness remained largely unchanged.
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Beneficial effect of early initiation of lipid-lowering therapy following renal transplantation.
Holdaas, H, Fellström, B, Jardine, AG, Nyberg, G, Grönhagen-Riska, C, Madsen, S, Neumayer, HH, Cole, E, Maes, B, Ambühl, P, et al
Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2005;(5):974-80
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal transplant recipients have a significantly reduced life expectancy, largely due to premature cardiovascular disease. The aim of the current analysis was to investigate the importance of time of initiation of therapy after transplantation, on the benefits of statin therapy. METHODS 2102 renal transplant recipients with total cholesterol levels of 4.0-9.0 mmol/l were randomly assigned to treatment with fluvastatin (n = 1050) or placebo (n = 1052) and followed for a mean time of 5.1 years. The end-points were major cardiac events. The average median time from transplantation to randomization was 4.5 years (range: 0.5-29 years). RESULTS In patients starting treatment with fluvastatin <4.5 years after renal transplantation, the incidence of cardiac events was 4.6% over 5.1 years vs 9.2% in those on placebo (P = 0.007). Fluvastatin significantly reduced the risk of cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarction by 56% [risk ratio (RR): 0.44; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.26-0.74; P = 0.002]. In a more detailed analysis patients were grouped into 2-year intervals (since the last transplantation). The frequency of cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarction was reduced by 3.2%, 5.1%, 9.6% and 8.2% with fluvastatin treatment as compared to 6%, 10.4%, 13.4% and 9.6% with placebo when treatment was initiated at 0-2, 2-4, 4-6 and >6 years, respectively. The risk reduction for patients initiating therapy with fluvastatin at years 0-2 (compared with >6 years) following transplantation was 59% (RR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.92; P = 0.0328). This is also reflected in total time on renal replacement therapy: in patients in the first quartile (<47 months) fluvastatin use was associated with a risk reduction of 64% compared with 19% for patients in the fourth quartile (>120 months) (P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Our data support an early introduction of fluvastatin therapy in a population of transplant recipients at high risk of premature coronary heart disease.
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Fluvastatin and lifestyle modification for reduction of carotid intima-media thickness and left ventricular mass progression in drug-treated hypertensives.
Anderssen, SA, Hjelstuen, AK, Hjermann, I, Bjerkan, K, Holme, I
Atherosclerosis. 2005;(2):387-97
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Hypertension High Risk Management trial (HYRIM) investigated the effect of fluvastatin treatment and lifestyle intervention on development of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in drug-treated hypertensive patients. METHODS AND RESULTS HYRIM was a placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial in which 568 drug-treated hypertensive men aged 40-74 years with total cholesterol 4.5-8.0 mmol/L, triglycerides <4.5 mmol/L, body mass index 25-35 kg/m2, and a sedentary lifestyle were randomized to receive either fluvastatin, 40 mg daily, or placebo, and either intensive lifestyle intervention (physical activity and diet) or usual care (treatment of hypertension and other disorders by own private physician). Carotid IMT was assessed by B-mode ultrasound vasculography and left ventricular (LV) mass was calculated from ultrasound recordings of the heart. Fluvastatin alone reduced the primary study endpoint of 4-year development of IMT in the common carotid artery (CCA) compared with placebo (p=0.0297). Carotid bulb IMT progression over 4 years was also significantly (p=0.0214) reduced by fluvastatin compared with placebo. Fluvastatin significantly lowered LDL-C levels (mean net difference through 4 years, 0.6 mmol/L; p<0.0001), and reduced the 2-year development of LV mass (p=0.0144) compared with placebo. Lifestyle intervention had no significant effect on LDL-C, carotid IMT or LV mass, and did not increase the effects of fluvastatin. CONCLUSIONS In drug-treated hypertensive patients in a usual care setting, fluvastatin treatment reduces progression of carotid IMT and LV mass.