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Circulating fatty acid profiles are associated with protein energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.
Khor, BH, Sahathevan, S, Sualeheen, A, Ali, MSM, Narayanan, SS, Chinna, K, Gafor, AHA, Goh, BL, Ahmad, G, Morad, Z, et al
Scientific reports. 2021;(1):1416
Abstract
The metabolic impact of circulating fatty acids (FAs) in patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) is unknown. We investigated the associations between plasma triglyceride (TG) FAs and markers of inflammation, insulin resistance, nutritional status and body composition. Plasma TG-FAs were measured using gas chromatography in 341 patients on HD (age = 55.2 ± 14.0 years and 54.3% males). Cross-sectional associations of TG-FAs with 13 markers were examined using multivariate linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. Higher levels of TG saturated fatty acids were associated with greater body mass index (BMI, r = 0.230), waist circumference (r = 0.203), triceps skinfold (r = 0.197), fat tissue index (r = 0.150), serum insulin (r = 0.280), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.276), but lower malnutrition inflammation score (MIS, r = - 0.160). Greater TG monounsaturated fatty acid levels were associated with lower lean tissue index (r = - 0.197) and serum albumin (r = - 0.188), but higher MIS (r = 0.176). Higher levels of TG n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were associated with lower MIS (r = - 0.168) and interleukin-6 concentrations (r = - 0.115). Higher levels of TG n-6 PUFAs were associated with lower BMI (r = - 0.149) but greater serum albumin (r = 0.112). In conclusion, TG monounsaturated fatty acids were associated with poor nutritional status, while TG n-3 PUFAs were associated with good nutritional status. On the other hand, TG saturated fatty acids and TG n-6 PUFAs had both favorable and unfavorable associations with nutritional parameters.
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Associations between red blood cells fatty acids, desaturases indices and metabolism of platelet activating factor in healthy volunteers.
Fragopoulou, E, Detopoulou, P, Alepoudea, E, Nomikos, T, Kalogeropoulos, N, Antonopoulou, S
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2021;:102234
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelet-activating-factor is an inflammatory lipid mediator. Key enzymes of its biosynthesis are CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT) and acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF-acetyltransferases (Lyso-PAF-AT) while PAF-AH/Lp-PLA2 degrade PAF. The interplay between PAF and fatty acids metabolism was explored. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a healthy population, PAF levels, its metabolic enzymes activity and RBC fatty acids were measured while desaturases indices (D) were estimated. A principal component analysis was also applied to assess patterns of RBC fatty acids. RESULTS SFA were related to increased PAF biosynthesis and decreased Lp-PLA2 only in women. MUFA were inversely associated with PAF biosynthesis and positively with Lp-PLA2. Omega-6 fatty acids were positively correlated only with PAF-CPT while no significant correlations were observed with n3 fatty acids. D6 index was positively related with PAF biosynthetic enzymes and inversely with Lp-PLA2 while D9 correlated positively with Lp-PLA2. The pattern of high MUFA and low n6 was associated with reduced PAF biosynthesis and/or increased catabolism in both sexes. CONCLUSION The role of fatty acids in amplifying or reducing inflammation seems to be also reflected in PAF metabolism.
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FADS1 (Fatty Acid Desaturase 1) Genotype Associates With Aortic Valve FADS mRNA Expression, Fatty Acid Content and Calcification.
Plunde, O, Larsson, SC, Artiach, G, Thanassoulis, G, Carracedo, M, Franco-Cereceda, A, Eriksson, P, Bäck, M
Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine. 2020;(3):e002710
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic stenosis (AS) contributes to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity but disease mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recent evidence associates a single nucleotide polymorphism rs174547 within the FADS1 gene, encoding FADS1 (fatty acid desaturase 1), with risk of several cardiovascular outcomes, including AS. FADS1 encodes a rate-limiting enzyme for ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid metabolism. The aim of this study was to decipher the local transcriptomic and lipidomic consequences of rs174547 in tricuspid aortic valves from patients with AS. METHODS Expression quantitative trait loci study was performed using data from Illumina Human610-Quad BeadChip, Infinium Global Screening Arrays, and Affymetrix Human Transcriptome 2.0 arrays in calcified and noncalcified aortic valve tissue from 58 patients with AS (mean age, 74.2; SD, 5.9). Fatty acid content was assessed in aortic valves from 25 patients with AS using gas chromatography. Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase activity was assessed by the product-to-precursor ratio. RESULTS The minor C-allele of rs174547, corresponding to the protective genotype for AS, was associated with higher FADS2 mRNA levels in calcified valve tissue, whereas FADS1 mRNA and other transcripts in proximity of the single nucleotide polymorphism were unaltered. In contrast, the FADS1 Δ5-desaturase activity and the FADS2 Δ6-desaturase activity were decreased. Finally, docosahexaenoic acid was decreased in calcified tissue compared with non-calcified tissue and C-allele carriers exhibited increased docosahexaenoic acid levels. Overall desaturase activity measured with ω-3 fatty acids was higher in C-allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS The association between the FADS1 genotype and AS may implicate effects on valvular fatty acids.
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Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is associated with lower erythrocyte PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratio: A case-control study.
Muzsik, A, Jeleń, HH, Chmurzynska, A
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2020;:102155
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) intake and status in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 131 women were recruited to a case-control study in 2016-2018 in Poznań, Poland. Dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, FA level in red blood cells (RBCs), and FADS1 (rs174546) and FADS2 (rs3834458) genotypes were determined. Compared to women without MetS, those with MetS had lower levels of EPA, n-3, EPA/α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA/AA, DHA/AA, EPA+DHA/AA, PUFA/saturated FA, PUFA/monounsaturated FA, and n-3/n-6 ratios in RBCs. Participants with at least one minor allele of each polymorphism had lower levels of EPA, and EPA/AA, and a higher level of DHA/EPA in RBCs than did women with major alleles. MetS is associated with lower levels FAs that have a protective effect on cardiometabolic health. FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphisms are associated with unfavorable FA and status EPA/AA in RBC contributes to MetS.
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Omega-3 in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, Effects on Inflammatory Markers and Lipid Profile.
Ziaie, S, Polroudi Moghaddam, M, Samadian, F, Sistanizad, M, Afzal, G, Saffaei, A, Abolghasemi, R, Sabaghian, T
Iranian journal of kidney diseases. 2020;(2):126-132
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CKD is one of the most prevalent entities associated with high morbidity and mortality. Most of the patients with renal diseases, particularly patients undergoing dialysis, suffer from cardiovascular disease and it is necessary to employ appropriate strategies to prevent and manage this complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 in patients undergoing CAPD. METHODS Nineteen CAPD patients with certain inclusion and exclusion criteria enrolled in this study. Omega-3 capsules with a dose of 1 g/d up to three months, were administrated. Some inflammatory markers such as ESR, CRP, HS-CRP, IL-6, MDA, and homocysteine were measured in three phases. In addition, lipid profile including triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL were measured. RESULTS Results of this study showed that CRP, HS-CRP, and homocysteine levels increased insignificantly (P > .05) whereas, MDA level was increased significantly (P < .05). ESR and IL-6 levels both decreased but did not show any statistically significance (P > .05). Results of lipid profile also suggested that none of the lipid levels changed significantly (P > .05). CONCLUSION It is necessary to design large trials in order to understand clear effects of omega-3 on inflammatory markers in PD patients. In addition, the results of this current pilot study should be interpreted with caution.
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The intake assessment of diverse dietary patterns on childhood hypertension: alleviating the blood pressure and lipidemic factors with low-sodium seafood rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Izadi, A, Khedmat, L, Tavakolizadeh, R, Mojtahedi, SY
Lipids in health and disease. 2020;(1):65
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood hypertension (CH) is related to the dietary intake and diversity of children. The study aimed to assess the critical role of dietary diversity, and seafood long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) in reducing CH among the Iranian community. METHODS A cross-sectional two-phase study with 7-12-year-old Iranian students was designed. In the initial phase, the socio-demographic characteristics, and blood pressure status (normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension) based on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure data were assessed. The 24-h dietary recall questionnaire was used to generate the dietary diversity score (DDS, count of consumed food groups) and dietary variety score (DVS, the cumulative number of daily consumed food items). In the second phase, the association between CH reduction and changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) levels of schoolchildren intervened by a seafood diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids were assessed using the regression analyses. RESULTS The pre-hypertension and hypertension prevalence rates were 7.8 and 9.15%, respectively. CH was significantly associated with age, gender, and DDS. A significant inverse association was found between the high intake of seafood and CH (P = 0.032). The gas-chromatography analysis showed the high presence of α-linolenic (ALA, 6.72%), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 7.62%), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 5.88%), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 18.52%) acids in the seafood-based diet (p < 0.05). The low blood pressure levels with regular consumption of this healthy-functional diet were significantly associated with a reduction in BMI, LDL, TC, and TG, and a remarkable increase in 25OHD and HDL levels. The multiple linear regression showed that the SBP was highly associated with the TC (p < 0.001; β = 0.464). CONCLUSIONS The age and DDS were efficient predictors for the different CH status. A regular seafood-rich dietary pattern due to the high LC n-3 PUFAs contents could significantly reduce the obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors.
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Cortical β-Amyloid in Older Adults Is Associated with Multidomain Interventions with and without Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation.
Hooper, C, Coley, N, De Souto Barreto, P, Payoux, P, Salabert, AS, Andrieu, S, Weiner, M, Vellas, B
The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease. 2020;(2):128-134
Abstract
Multidomain lifestyle interventions (including combinations of physical exercise, cognitive training and nutritional guidance) are attracting increasing research attention for reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we examined for the first time the cross-sectional relationship between cortical β-amyloid (Aβ) and multidomain lifestyle interventions (nutritional and exercise counselling and cognitive training), omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation or their combination in 269 participants of the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT). In adjusted multiple linear regression models, compared to the control group (receiving placebo alone), cortical Aβ, measured once during follow-up (mean 512.7 ± 249.6 days post-baseline), was significantly lower in the groups receiving multidomain lifestyle intervention + placebo (mean difference, -0.088, 95 % CI, -0.148,-0.029, p = 0.004) or multidomain lifestyle intervention + n-3 PUFA (-0.100, 95 % CI, -0.160,-0.041, p = 0.001), but there was no difference in the n-3 PUFA supplementation alone group (-0.011, 95 % CI, -0.072,0.051, p = 0.729). Secondary analysis provided mixed results. Our findings suggest that multidomain interventions both with and without n-3 PUFA supplementation might be associated with lower cerebral Aβ. Future trials should investigate if such multidomain lifestyle interventions are causally associated with a reduction or the prevention of the accumulation of cerebral Aβ.
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Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients Treated with Statins for Residual Hypertriglyceridemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
Jun, JE, Jeong, IK, Yu, JM, Kim, SR, Lee, IK, Han, KA, Choi, SH, Kim, SK, Park, HK, Mok, JO, et al
Diabetes & metabolism journal. 2020;(1):78-90
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular risk remains increased despite optimal low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level induced by intensive statin therapy. Therefore, recent guidelines recommend non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) as a secondary target for preventing cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3-FAs) in combination with atorvastatin compared to atorvastatin alone in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, and phase III multicenter study included adults with fasting triglyceride (TG) levels ≥200 and <500 mg/dL and LDL-C levels <110 mg/dL. Eligible subjects were randomized to ATOMEGA (OM3-FAs 4,000 mg plus atorvastatin calcium 20 mg) or atorvastatin 20 mg plus placebo groups. The primary efficacy endpoints were the percent changes in TG and non-HDL-C levels from baseline at the end of treatment. RESULTS After 8 weeks of treatment, the percent changes from baseline in TG (-29.8% vs. 3.6%, P<0.001) and non-HDL-C (-10.1% vs. 4.9%, P<0.001) levels were significantly greater in the ATOMEGA group (n=97) than in the atorvastatin group (n=103). Moreover, the proportion of total subjects reaching TG target of <200 mg/dL in the ATOMEGA group was significantly higher than that in the atorvastatin group (62.9% vs. 22.3%, P<0.001). The incidence of adverse events did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION The addition of OM3-FAs to atorvastatin improved TG and non-HDL-C levels to a significant extent compared to atorvastatin alone in subjects with residual hypertriglyceridemia.
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The Omega-3 Index in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Football Athletes.
Anzalone, A, Carbuhn, A, Jones, L, Gallop, A, Smith, A, Johnson, P, Swearingen, L, Moore, C, Rimer, E, McBeth, J, et al
Journal of athletic training. 2019;(1):7-11
Abstract
CONTEXT The essential omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exhibit vital biological roles and are critical for cardiovascular and neurologic health. Compared with the general population, football athletes may be at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Further, those same athletes are also exposed to repetitive head impacts, which may lead to long-term neurologic deficits. Both diets high in ω-3 FAs and supplementation with ω-3 FAs have been reported to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and early evidence suggests a potential neuroprotective effect of supplementation. OBJECTIVE To determine the (1) erythrocyte content of DHA and EPA, as measured by the Omega-3 Index, expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes and (2) distribution across the Omega-3 Index risk zones established for cardiovascular disease: high risk, <4%; intermediate risk, 4% to 8%; and low risk, >8%. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING Multicenter trial. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Deidentified data including complete erythrocyte fatty acid profile from the 2017-2018 season, age at time of testing, height, weight, and ethnicity were collected from 404 athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Omega-3 Index. RESULTS About 34% of athletes (n = 138) had an Omega-3 Index considered high risk (<4%), and 66% (n = 266) had a risk considered intermediate (4%-8%). None had a low-risk Omega-3 Index. CONCLUSIONS The Omega-3 Index is a simple, minimally invasive test of ω-3 FA status. Our data indicate that football athletes may be deficient in the ω-3 FAs DHA and EPA. The fact that no athlete had an Omega-3 Index associated with low risk suggests football athletes may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease in later life.
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Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation in renal transplantation: A randomized controlled trial.
Eide, IA, Reinholt, FP, Jenssen, T, Hartmann, A, Schmidt, EB, Åsberg, A, Bergan, S, Brabrand, K, Svensson, M
American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2019;(3):790-800
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Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids (FAs) may exert beneficial effects on inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial function, which could preserve renal graft function. In this randomized controlled trial, 132 Norwegian renal transplant recipients received either 2.6 g of marine n-3 FAs or olive oil (control) daily for 44 weeks, in addition to standard care. Thirty patients did not complete the trial. The primary endpoint was change (Δ) in measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) during follow-up. We found no significant difference in Δ mGFR between the marine n-3 FA group and controls (6.7 vs 3.8 mL/min per 1.73 m2 , P = .15). Significant beneficial effects from marine n-3 FA supplementation were, however, seen in secondary endpoints plasma triglycerides, plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. In the per-protocol population, the renal graft indices percent interstitial fibrosis and Chronic Allograft Damage Index also were significantly lower in the marine n-3 FA group. The cumulative incidence of adverse events did not differ between the marine n-3 FA group (n = 218) and controls (n = 240). In conclusion, marine FA supplementation did not improve renal function compared with controls, but was safe, lowered plasma triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and improved endothelial function (Clinical.Trials.gov identifier NCT01744067).