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Circulating fatty acid profiles are associated with protein energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.
Khor, BH, Sahathevan, S, Sualeheen, A, Ali, MSM, Narayanan, SS, Chinna, K, Gafor, AHA, Goh, BL, Ahmad, G, Morad, Z, et al
Scientific reports. 2021;(1):1416
Abstract
The metabolic impact of circulating fatty acids (FAs) in patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) is unknown. We investigated the associations between plasma triglyceride (TG) FAs and markers of inflammation, insulin resistance, nutritional status and body composition. Plasma TG-FAs were measured using gas chromatography in 341 patients on HD (age = 55.2 ± 14.0 years and 54.3% males). Cross-sectional associations of TG-FAs with 13 markers were examined using multivariate linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. Higher levels of TG saturated fatty acids were associated with greater body mass index (BMI, r = 0.230), waist circumference (r = 0.203), triceps skinfold (r = 0.197), fat tissue index (r = 0.150), serum insulin (r = 0.280), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.276), but lower malnutrition inflammation score (MIS, r = - 0.160). Greater TG monounsaturated fatty acid levels were associated with lower lean tissue index (r = - 0.197) and serum albumin (r = - 0.188), but higher MIS (r = 0.176). Higher levels of TG n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were associated with lower MIS (r = - 0.168) and interleukin-6 concentrations (r = - 0.115). Higher levels of TG n-6 PUFAs were associated with lower BMI (r = - 0.149) but greater serum albumin (r = 0.112). In conclusion, TG monounsaturated fatty acids were associated with poor nutritional status, while TG n-3 PUFAs were associated with good nutritional status. On the other hand, TG saturated fatty acids and TG n-6 PUFAs had both favorable and unfavorable associations with nutritional parameters.
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Associations between red blood cells fatty acids, desaturases indices and metabolism of platelet activating factor in healthy volunteers.
Fragopoulou, E, Detopoulou, P, Alepoudea, E, Nomikos, T, Kalogeropoulos, N, Antonopoulou, S
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2021;:102234
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelet-activating-factor is an inflammatory lipid mediator. Key enzymes of its biosynthesis are CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT) and acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF-acetyltransferases (Lyso-PAF-AT) while PAF-AH/Lp-PLA2 degrade PAF. The interplay between PAF and fatty acids metabolism was explored. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a healthy population, PAF levels, its metabolic enzymes activity and RBC fatty acids were measured while desaturases indices (D) were estimated. A principal component analysis was also applied to assess patterns of RBC fatty acids. RESULTS SFA were related to increased PAF biosynthesis and decreased Lp-PLA2 only in women. MUFA were inversely associated with PAF biosynthesis and positively with Lp-PLA2. Omega-6 fatty acids were positively correlated only with PAF-CPT while no significant correlations were observed with n3 fatty acids. D6 index was positively related with PAF biosynthetic enzymes and inversely with Lp-PLA2 while D9 correlated positively with Lp-PLA2. The pattern of high MUFA and low n6 was associated with reduced PAF biosynthesis and/or increased catabolism in both sexes. CONCLUSION The role of fatty acids in amplifying or reducing inflammation seems to be also reflected in PAF metabolism.
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FADS1 (Fatty Acid Desaturase 1) Genotype Associates With Aortic Valve FADS mRNA Expression, Fatty Acid Content and Calcification.
Plunde, O, Larsson, SC, Artiach, G, Thanassoulis, G, Carracedo, M, Franco-Cereceda, A, Eriksson, P, Bäck, M
Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine. 2020;(3):e002710
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic stenosis (AS) contributes to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity but disease mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recent evidence associates a single nucleotide polymorphism rs174547 within the FADS1 gene, encoding FADS1 (fatty acid desaturase 1), with risk of several cardiovascular outcomes, including AS. FADS1 encodes a rate-limiting enzyme for ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid metabolism. The aim of this study was to decipher the local transcriptomic and lipidomic consequences of rs174547 in tricuspid aortic valves from patients with AS. METHODS Expression quantitative trait loci study was performed using data from Illumina Human610-Quad BeadChip, Infinium Global Screening Arrays, and Affymetrix Human Transcriptome 2.0 arrays in calcified and noncalcified aortic valve tissue from 58 patients with AS (mean age, 74.2; SD, 5.9). Fatty acid content was assessed in aortic valves from 25 patients with AS using gas chromatography. Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase activity was assessed by the product-to-precursor ratio. RESULTS The minor C-allele of rs174547, corresponding to the protective genotype for AS, was associated with higher FADS2 mRNA levels in calcified valve tissue, whereas FADS1 mRNA and other transcripts in proximity of the single nucleotide polymorphism were unaltered. In contrast, the FADS1 Δ5-desaturase activity and the FADS2 Δ6-desaturase activity were decreased. Finally, docosahexaenoic acid was decreased in calcified tissue compared with non-calcified tissue and C-allele carriers exhibited increased docosahexaenoic acid levels. Overall desaturase activity measured with ω-3 fatty acids was higher in C-allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS The association between the FADS1 genotype and AS may implicate effects on valvular fatty acids.
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Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is associated with lower erythrocyte PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratio: A case-control study.
Muzsik, A, Jeleń, HH, Chmurzynska, A
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2020;:102155
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) intake and status in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 131 women were recruited to a case-control study in 2016-2018 in Poznań, Poland. Dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, FA level in red blood cells (RBCs), and FADS1 (rs174546) and FADS2 (rs3834458) genotypes were determined. Compared to women without MetS, those with MetS had lower levels of EPA, n-3, EPA/α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA/AA, DHA/AA, EPA+DHA/AA, PUFA/saturated FA, PUFA/monounsaturated FA, and n-3/n-6 ratios in RBCs. Participants with at least one minor allele of each polymorphism had lower levels of EPA, and EPA/AA, and a higher level of DHA/EPA in RBCs than did women with major alleles. MetS is associated with lower levels FAs that have a protective effect on cardiometabolic health. FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphisms are associated with unfavorable FA and status EPA/AA in RBC contributes to MetS.
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Omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and higher-order cognitive functions in 7- to 9-y-olds: a cross-sectional study.
Sheppard, KW, Cheatham, CL
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;(3):659-67
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BACKGROUND Biochemical and behavioral evidence has suggested that the ratio of n-6 (omega-6) to n-3 (omega-3) could be an important predictor of executive function abilities in children. OBJECTIVE We determined the relation between the ratio of n-6 to n-3 and cognitive function in children. We hypothesized that children with lower ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids would perform better on tests of planning and working memory. DESIGN Seventy 7- to 9-y-old children completed three 24-h diet recalls and a subset of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Assessment Battery. Parents provided information on their demographics and children's diet histories. RESULTS Mean n-3 and mean n-6 intakes were related to the mean time spent on each action taken in the planning problem. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 significantly predicted performance on the working memory and planning problems. There was a significant interaction between the ratio and fatty acid intake; when children had high ratios, a higher intake of n-3 fatty acids predicted a better performance on the planning task than when children had lower n-3 intakes. When children had low ratios, a lower intake of n-3 and lower intake of n-6 predicted better performance than when intakes were higher. CONCLUSIONS The relation between cognitive abilities and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 may be mediated by an enzymatic affinity for n-3 fatty acids. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 should be considered an important factor in the study of fatty acids and cognitive development. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01823419.
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Changes in plasma and erythrocyte omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in response to intravenous supply of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with hepatic colorectal metastases.
Al-Taan, O, Stephenson, JA, Spencer, L, Pollard, C, West, AL, Calder, PC, Metcalfe, M, Dennison, AR
Lipids in health and disease. 2013;:64
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are functionally the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Oral supply of these fatty acids increases their levels in plasma and cell membranes, often at the expense of the omega-6 PUFAs arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid. This results in an altered pattern of lipid mediator production to one which is less pro-inflammatory. We investigated whether short term intravenous supply of omega-3 PUFAs could change the levels of EPA, DHA, ARA and linoleic acid in plasma and erythrocytes in patients with hepatic colorectal metastases. METHODS Twenty patients were randomised to receive a 72 hour infusion of total parenteral nutrition with (treatment group) or without (control group) omega-3 PUFAs. EPA, DHA, ARA and linoleic acid were measured in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and erythrocytes at several times points up to the end of infusion and 5 to 12 days (mean 9 days) after stopping the infusion. RESULTS The treatment group showed increases in plasma PC EPA and DHA and erythrocyte EPA and decreases in plasma PC and erythrocyte linoleic acid, with effects most evident late in the infusion period. Plasma PC and erythrocyte EPA and linoleic acid all returned to baseline levels after the 5-12 day washout. Plasma PC DHA remained elevated above baseline after washout. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous supply of omega-3 PUFAs results in a rapid increase of EPA and DHA in plasma PC and of EPA in erythrocytes. These findings suggest that infusion of omega-3 PUFAs could be used to induce a rapid effect especially in targeting inflammation.
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[Efficacy assessment of Nutrilarm®, a per os omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid dietary formulation versus placebo in patients with bilateral treated moderate dry eye syndrome].
Creuzot-Garcher, C, Baudouin, C, Labetoulle, M, Pisella, PJ, Mouriaux, F, Meddeb-Ouertani, A, El Matri, L, Khairallah, M, Brignole-Baudouin, F
Journal francais d'ophtalmologie. 2011;(7):448-55
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is one of the main mechanisms common to all forms of dry eye. Since polyunsaturated acids are known to show biological anti-inflammatory properties, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in patients suffering from ocular dryness. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and eighty-one patients diagnosed with bilateral moderate dry eye who were already treated with lachrymal substitutes were randomized in a double-blind international study to receive placebo or Nutrilarm(®) capsules (combination of omega-3 and omega-6), twice a day for 6 months. In all subjects, dryness feeling, overall subjective comfort, and ocular symptoms (burning, stinging, sandy and/or gritty sensation, light sensitivity, reflex tearing, and ocular fatigue) were evaluated at each visit. Furthermore, fluorescein tests (break-uptime and Oxford scheme) and lissamine green test were performed at each visit. The Schirmer test was performed at inclusion and after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS After 6 months of supplementation with Nutrilarm(®), both the BUT scores and ocular fatigue were significantly improved when compared with placebo (P=0.036 and P=0.044, respectively). There was a trend in favor of Nutrilarm(®) in terms of the efficacy evaluated by the investigator (P=0.061). Fewer patients experienced a feeling of severe dryness with Nutrilarm(®) compared with placebo after 6 months of treatment (2.5 and 9.3%, respectively), but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Oral administration of a double supplementation dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids present an additional therapeutic advantage in patients suffering from ocular dryness who were already treated with lachrymal substitutes.
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Exchanging saturated fatty acids for (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a mixed meal may decrease postprandial lipemia and markers of inflammation and endothelial activity in overweight men.
Masson, CJ, Mensink, RP
The Journal of nutrition. 2011;(5):816-21
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Postprandial lipemia, low-grade systemic inflammation, and endothelial activity are related to metabolic disorders. It is well known that dietary fatty acid composition modulates postprandial lipemia, but information on the other metabolic risk markers is limited. We therefore studied the acute effects of a meal rich in SFA compared with those of a meal rich in (n-6) PUFA on postprandial responses in overweight men who are at an increased risk to develop the metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities. In a crossover design, the effects of 50 g butter (rich in SFA) on lipemia and markers for inflammation and endothelial activity were compared with those of 50 g sunflower oil [rich in (n-6) PUFA] during an 8-h postprandial mixed meal tolerance test in 13 overweight men. Postprandial changes in serum TG were comparable between the meals (P = 0.38), except for a reduction in the incremental area under the curve (P = 0.046) in the late postprandial phase after (n-6) PUFA (125 ± 96 mmol⋅min⋅L(-1)) compared with SFA (148 ± 98 mmol⋅min⋅L(-1)). Compared with the SFA meal, the (n-6) PUFA meal decreased plasma IL-6 (P = 0.003), TNFα (P = 0.005), soluble TNF receptors I and II (sTNFr; P = 0.024 and P < 0.001, respectively), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1; P = 0.030) concentrations. These results indicate that exchanging SFA from butterfat for (n-6) PUFA in a mixed meal may decrease postprandial lipemia and concentrations of IL-6, TNFα, sTNFr-I and -II, and sVCAM-1 in overweight men.
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The effect of the plasma n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on the dietary LDL phenotype transformation - insights from the LIPGENE study.
Hartwich, J, Malec, MM, Partyka, L, Pérez-Martinez, P, Marin, C, López-Miranda, J, Tierney, AC, Mc Monagle, J, Roche, HM, Defoort, C, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2009;(5):510-5
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS LDL phenotype B is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and oxidative stress. The effect of plasma n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio on LDL phenotype transformation was investigated. METHODS Patients with metabolic syndrome (n=99) received one of four isocaloric diets: (A) High-fat (38% energy) SFA-rich diet (HSFA); (B) High-fat (38% energy), MUFA-rich diet (HMUFA); (C), low-fat (LF) (28% energy), high-complex carbohydrate diet with 1.24g/d oleic sunflower oil (LFHCC) and (D): low-fat (28% energy), high-complex carbohydrate diet, with 1.24g/d LC n-3 PUFA (LFHCC n-3) for 12 weeks. Analysis of plasma lipid profile and LDL phenotype was done pre- and post-interventions. RESULTS Post-dietary change of LDL density was a main effect observed in all groups. LFHCC n-3 and HFMUFA diets resulted in favorable alteration of LDL phenotype from B to A and decreased LDL density. In contrast, increased LDL density was observed in HSFA and LFHCC groups. The plasma pre-n3/n6 PUFA, Apo E change and pre-Apo CIII/CII ratios explained in 65% the post-dietary change of LDL density in diet LFHCC n-3 consumers. CONCLUSIONS Study demonstrates efficacy of dietary n-3 PUFA to modify pro-atherogenic to less atherogenic LDL phenotype in patients with metabolic syndrome. Study identifier at ClinicalTrials.gov was NCT00429195.
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Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women.
Miljanović, B, Trivedi, KA, Dana, MR, Gilbard, JP, Buring, JE, Schaumberg, DA
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;(4):887-93
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BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent condition, but information on risk or protective factors is lacking. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the association between the dietary intake and ratio of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FAs) and DES occurrence. DESIGN Of the 39876 female health professionals in the Women's Health Study (WHS), 32470 women aged 45-84 y who provided information on diet and DES were cross-sectionally studied. We assessed FA intakes by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and assessed DES by using self-reports of clinically diagnosed cases. Of the sample, 1546 (4.7%) subjects reported DES. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs to describe the relation of FA intake with DES. RESULTS After adjustment for demographic factors, hormone therapy, and total fat intake, the OR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of n-3 FAs was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.98; P for trend = 0.05). A higher ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA consumption was associated with a significantly increased risk of DES (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.58) for >15:1 versus <4:1 (P for trend = 0.01). In addition, tuna consumption [1 serving was 113 g (4 oz)] was inversely associated with DES (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99 for 2-4 servings/wk; OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.79 for 5-6 servings/wk versus < or =1 serving/wk; P for trend = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a higher dietary intake of n-3 FAs is associated with a decreased incidence of DES in women. These findings are consistent with anecdotal clinical observations and postulated biological mechanisms.