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1.
Utility of 5-(2',4'-dimethylphenylazo)-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine-2,4-dione in PVC membrane for a novel green optical chemical sensor to detect zinc ion in environmental samples.
Amin, AS, El-Bahy, S, El-Feky, HH
Analytical biochemistry. 2022;:114579
Abstract
In plasticized (2-nitro-phenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE)) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane incorporating (N,N-diethyl-5-(octadecanoylimino)-5H-benzo[a] phenolxazine-9-amine (ETH 5294) and sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB), an ionophore 5-(2',4'-dimethylphenylazo)-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (DMPAHPD) form an optical chemical sensor for zinc determination is ascribed. The sensor response is based on selective complexation of Zn2+ with DMPAHPD in the designed membrane phase, resulting in an ion exchange process between H+ in the membrane and Zn2+ in the sample solution. The influences of several experimental parameters, as membrane composition, pH, and type and concentration of the regenerating reagent, were demonstrated. The sensor has a response range of 5.0 × 10-9 to 2.5 × 10-5 M Zn2+ with detection and quantification limits of 1.6 × 10-9 and 4.9 × 10-9 M, respectively. The response time of 1 min at 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 5.0 with recording repeatability and sensor-to sensor reproducibility is reported. The proposed sensor signifies high selectivity for Zn2+ over various transition metal ions, alkali, and alkaline earth ions. The sensor membrane can be simply regenerated with 0.5 M HNO3. The sensor has been used to assess Zn2+ in river, waste, tap, sea, well, and spring waters samples, serum of diabetic patients, powdered milk, hair, red meat, pharmaceutical formulations, and talc powder samples.
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2.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pesticides and Insecticides from Food Samples and Plant Materials.
Yousefi, M, Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M, Mirsadeghi, S, Pourmortazavi, SM
Critical reviews in analytical chemistry. 2021;(5):482-501
Abstract
The principal intention of this study is presenting the attempts carried out for extracting, separating, and determining of the pesticide and insecticide residues existing in food and plant samples. In this regard, a set of content, including the explanations about the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical fluid chromatography, and various types of pesticides are indicated. Besides, the parameters affecting the pesticides extraction composed of temperature, pressure, modifier, drying agent, and so on are discussed. Also, examples of insecticides extraction by SFE technique as an important subset of pesticides are indicated. Along with these items, some interesting works, concerning the innovations implemented in the field of SFE of pesticide and insecticide residues from foodstuff and plants are depicted.
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3.
Source, transportation, bioaccumulation, distribution and food risk assessment of perfluorinated alkyl substances in vegetables: A review.
Zhou, Y, Zhou, Z, Lian, Y, Sun, X, Wu, Y, Qiao, L, Wang, M
Food chemistry. 2021;:129137
Abstract
Contamination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural products have attracted more and more attentions recently. In this review, relationship between PFASs and vegetables is summarized comprehensively. PFASs could transfer to cultivation soils by irrigation water, bio-amended soil, and atmospheric deposition mainly from industrial emissions. Carbon chain length of PFASs, species of vegetables and so on are key factors for PFASs migration and bioaccumulation in soils, plants and vegetables. Studies on food risk assessment of PFOA and PFOS show low consumption risk for most vegetables, however researches on other substances are lacking. In the future, we need to pay more attention on novel pollution pathway in cultivation, traceability research for considerable contamination, dietary exposure levels for different vegetables and more substances, as well as more exact and scientific food risk assessments. Additionally, effective means for PFASs adsorption in soil and removal from soil are also expected.
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4.
The present situation of pesticide residues in China and their removal and transformation during food processing.
Li, C, Zhu, H, Li, C, Qian, H, Yao, W, Guo, Y
Food chemistry. 2021;:129552
Abstract
Pesticide residues are one of the most important issues affecting food safety. In this review, the general situation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables based on the background of the Chinese fruit and vegetable industry is first described. On the basis of primary processing of agricultural products, the effects of processing methods on the removal and metabolism of pesticide residues are reviewed in this paper. In addition, the transformation mechanism of pesticides in crops and in the environment is discussed. Finally, this study summarizes the development trend of pesticide-residue monitoring methods. With the prohibition of a large number of pesticides in China, the risk of pesticide residues is gradually reduced. However, some highly toxic pesticides can still be detected. Furthermore, the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry screening methods and rapid and intelligent detection instruments is the development trend for pesticide monitoring in the future.
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5.
Dietary Intake of Endocrine Disrupting Substances Presents in Environment and Their Impact on Thyroid Function.
Sokal, A, Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S, Tabarkiewicz, J, Filip, R
Nutrients. 2021;(3)
Abstract
According to the available data, environmental pollution is a serious problem all over the world. Between 2015 and 2016, pollution was responsible for approximately nine million deaths worldwide. They also include endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland. They are characterized by high persistence in the environment. These substances can enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, as well as contact with the skin and overcome the placental barrier. EDC can be found in food, water, and personal care products. They can get into food from the environment and as a result of their migration to food products and cosmetics from packaging. EDCs can disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland through a number of mechanisms, including disrupting the activation of thyroid receptors and the expression of genes that are related to the metabolism, synthesis, and transport of thyroid hormones (HT). There is a need to strengthen the food safety policy that aimed at the use of appropriate materials in direct contact with food. At the same time, an important action is to reduce the production of all waste and, when possible, use biodegradable packaging, which may contribute to the improvement of the quality of the entire ecosystem and the health of food, thus reducing the risk of developing thyroid diseases.
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6.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography as a boosting technology in food-omic investigations.
Stilo, F, Bicchi, C, Reichenbach, SE, Cordero, C
Journal of separation science. 2021;(8):1592-1611
Abstract
This review focuses on the role that comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography can play within the investigation workflows of food-omics and related disciplines and subdisciplines, including food metabolomics, nutrimetabolomics, sensomics, and food safety. After a short introductory survey, discussing the intriguing context of system biology and integrationist approaches of investigation, the concepts of analytical dimensions and the key characteristics of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography are introduced. Through a selection of relevant examples, the boosting role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography within food-omics is described, providing to the reader evidence of how comprehensive multidimensional separations based platforms have introduced new concepts and tools in the analytical measurement of complex biological samples.
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7.
Covalent Triazine Framework Sorbent for Solid Phase Extraction of Fipronil and its Metabolite in Eggs with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
Ba, X, Yun, G, Hou, Y, Zhang, W, Zhao, W, Yuan, H, Zhang, S
Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment. 2021;(9):1495-1505
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was established for fipronil and its metabolite residues (fipronil desulfinyl, fipronil sulphone and fipronil sulphide) in eggs with a covalent triazine framework (CTF) porous material as the adsorbent followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection. Multiple probes and quantum chemistry theory calculations were conducted to describe the versatile adsorption property directly and quantifiably. The conjugated structure of CTF and N-containing triazine generated π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds between the CTF and the targets, which led to high extraction efficiency and recoveries. The solid-phase extraction parameters, including amount of the adsorbent, type of eluent, amount of eluent and loading rate were investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the recoveries of the analytes were between 85.5% and 103.2%, and the RSD (n = 5) was between 1.8% and 3.6%. The LODs and LOQs were 0.13-0.2 ng g-1 and 0.5-0.8 ng g-1, respectively. The sorbent can effectively reduce the interference of the matrix and meet the detection requirements of fipronil and its metabolites in eggs. These results imply that the CTF as adsorbents have great potential in the analysis of trace targets in samples with complex matrices.
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8.
Occurrence and impact of fungicides residues on fermentation during wine production- A review.
Gava, A, Emer, CD, Ficagna, E, Fernandes de Andrade, S, Fuentefria, AM
Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment. 2021;(6):943-961
Abstract
Continuous fungicide spraying is required to eliminate fungal pathogens on grapes. However, this practice is associated with several risks, including contamination and environmental imbalance, as well as toxicity to operators and the induction of resistance in pathogens. In addition, a strong correlation has been reported between the presence of fungicides and the occurrence of issues during alcoholic fermentation, resulting in negative impacts on the sensory quality of the final products. Numerous studies have evaluated residue concentrations of phytosanitary products in grapes, juices, and wines, and a significant number of studies have assessed the impact of different agrochemicals on bioprocesses. However, a review compiling the key results of these studies is currently lacking. This review incorporates results obtained in the last decade from research on the presence of fungicide residues, including azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan, copper, fenhexamid, folpet, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole, and their effects on fermentation kinetics. Practical solutions to mitigate these problems, both in vineyards and industry, are also presented and discussed. This review highlights the constant high fungicidal agent concentrations (greater than 1 or 2 mg L-1) used throughout the winemaking process, with the impact of residues being of particular concern, especially with regard to their effect on yeast activity and the fermentation process. Thus, the adoption of methodologies that allow winemakers to control and trace these residues is an important step in avoiding or reducing fermentation problems throughout the winemaking process.[Figure: see text].
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9.
Sample Preparation Free Mass Spectrometry Using Laser-Assisted Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Applications to Microbiology, Metabolic Biofluid Phenotyping, and Food Authenticity.
Cameron, SJS, Perdones-Montero, A, Van Meulebroek, L, Burke, A, Alexander-Hardiman, K, Simon, D, Schaffer, R, Balog, J, Karancsi, T, Rickards, T, et al
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2021;(6):1393-1401
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has established itself as a powerful tool in the chemical, biological, medical, environmental, and agricultural fields. However, experimental approaches and potential application areas have been limited by a traditional reliance on sample preparation, extraction, and chromatographic separation. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods have addressed this challenge but are still somewhat restricted in requirements for sample manipulation to make it suitable for analysis. These limitations are particularly restrictive in view of the move toward high-throughput and automated analytical workflows. To address this, we present what we consider to be the first automated sample-preparation-free mass spectrometry platform utilizing a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for sample thermal desorption linked to the rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (LA-REIMS) methodology. We show that the pulsatile operation of the CO2 laser is the primary factor in achieving high signal-to-noise ratios. We further show that the LA-REIMS automated platform is suited to the analysis of three diverse biological materials within different application areas. First, clinical microbiology isolates were classified to species level with an accuracy of 97.2%, the highest accuracy reported in current literature. Second, fecal samples from a type 2 diabetes mellitus cohort were analyzed with LA-REIMS, which allowed tentative identification of biomarkers which are potentially associated with disease pathogenesis and a disease classification accuracy of 94%. Finally, we showed the ability of the LA-REIMS system to detect instances of adulteration of cooking oil and determine the geographical area of production of three protected olive oil products with 100% classification accuracy.
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10.
Assessment of the Risk of Contamination of Food for Infants and Toddlers.
Mielech, A, Puścion-Jakubik, A, Socha, K
Nutrients. 2021;(7)
Abstract
Infants and toddlers are highly sensitive to contaminants in food. Chronic exposure can lead to developmental delays, disorders of the nervous, urinary and immune systems, and to cardiovascular disease. A literature review was conducted mainly in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases, and took into consideration papers published from October 2020 to March 2021. We focused on contaminant content, intake estimates, and exposure to contaminants most commonly found in foods consumed by infants and children aged 0.5-3 years. In the review, we included 83 publications with full access. Contaminants that pose a high health risk are toxic elements, acrylamide, bisphenol, and pesticide residues. Minor pollutants include: dioxins, mycotoxins, nitrates and nitrites, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to reduce the negative health effects of food contamination, it seems reasonable to educate parents to limit foods that are potentially dangerous for infants and young children. An appropriate varied diet, selected cooking techniques, and proper food preparation can increase the likelihood that the foods children consume are safe for their health. It is necessary to monitor food contamination, adhere to high standards at every stage of production, and improve the quality of food for children.