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Dietary carbohydrates and fats in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Yki-Järvinen, H, Luukkonen, PK, Hodson, L, Moore, JB
Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2021;(11):770-786
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Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically increased in parallel with the epidemic of obesity. Controversy has emerged around dietary guidelines recommending low-fat-high-carbohydrate diets and the roles of dietary macronutrients in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. In this Review, the topical questions of whether and how dietary fats and carbohydrates, including free sugars, differentially influence the accumulation of liver fat (specifically, intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content) are addressed. Focusing on evidence from humans, we examine data from stable isotope studies elucidating how macronutrients regulate IHTG synthesis and disposal, alter pools of bioactive lipids and influence insulin sensitivity. In addition, we review cross-sectional studies on dietary habits of patients with NAFLD and randomized controlled trials on the effects of altering dietary macronutrients on IHTG. Perhaps surprisingly, evidence to date shows no differential effects between free sugars, with both glucose and fructose increasing IHTG in the context of excess energy. Moreover, saturated fat raises IHTG more than polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats, with adverse effects on insulin sensitivity, which are probably mediated in part by increased ceramide synthesis. Taken together, the data support the use of diets that have a reduced content of free sugars, refined carbohydrates and saturated fat in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Dietary fructose as a model to explore the influence of peripheral metabolism on brain function and plasticity.
Gomez-Pinilla, F, Cipolat, RP, Royes, LFF
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease. 2021;(5):166036
Abstract
High consumption of fructose has paralleled an explosion in metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Even more problematic, sustained consumption of fructose is perceived as a threat for brain function and development of neurological disorders. The action of fructose on peripheral organs is an excellent model to understand how systemic physiology impacts the brain. Given the recognized action of fructose on liver metabolism, here we discuss mechanisms by which fructose can impact the brain by interacting with liver and other organs. The interaction between peripheral and central mechanisms is a suitable target to reduce the pathophysiological consequences of neurological disorders.
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Metabolic liver disease - what's in a name?
Herman, MA
Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2021;(2):79-80
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Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Associations with Fructose Metabolism and Gut Microbiota.
Drożdż, K, Nabrdalik, K, Hajzler, W, Kwiendacz, H, Gumprecht, J, Lip, GYH
Nutrients. 2021;(1)
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common condition associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since systemic metabolic dysfunction underlies NAFLD, the current nomenclature has been revised, and the term metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed. The new definition emphasizes the bidirectional relationships and increases awareness in looking for fatty liver disease among patients with T2DM and CVD or its risk factors, as well as looking for these diseases among patients with NAFLD. The most recommended treatment method of NAFLD is lifestyle changes, including dietary fructose limitation, although other treatment methods of NAFLD have recently emerged and are being studied. Given the focus on the liver-gut axis targeting, bacteria may also be a future aim of NAFLD treatment given the microbiome signatures discriminating healthy individuals from those with NAFLD. In this review article, we will provide an overview of the associations of fructose consumption, gut microbiota, diabetes, and CVD in patients with NAFLD.
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Pathobiological and molecular connections involved in the high fructose and high fat diet induced diabetes associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Ekta, , Gupta, M, Kaur, A, Singh, TG, Bedi, O
Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]. 2020;(9):851-867
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor dietary habits such as an over consumption of high fructose and high fat diet are considered as the major culprit for the induction of diabetes associated liver injury. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects various vital organs of the body especially the kidney, brain, heart, and liver. The high fructose and high fat (HFHF) diet worsen the metabolic conditions by producing various pathogenic burdens such as oxidative stress, inflammation, etc. on liver. The hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic conditions induced by HFHF diet leads to the generation of various proinflammatory mediators like TNFα, interleukin and cytokines. AIM AND METHODS The systematic bibliographical literature survey was done with the help of PubMed, Google scholar and MedLine to identify all pathological and molecular concerened with HFHF induced diabetic liver injury. The consumption of HFHF diet leads to an increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress thereby decreases the liver protective antioxidants required for cell viability. HFHF diet disturbs lipid and lipoprotein clearance by elevating the level of apolipoprotein CIII and impairing the hydrolysis of triglyceride. As a result, there is an increase in free fatty acid concentration, triglycerides and diacylglycerol in the liver which further triggers the situation of insulin resistance. CONCLUSION The focus of present review is based upon the various pathological, genetic and molecular mechanism involved in the development of high-fat high fructose diet induced diabetic liver injury. However, the current review also documented few shreds of evidence related to various microRNAs (miR-31, miR-33a, miR-34a, miR-144, miR-146b, miR-150) concerned to HFHF diet which play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes associated liver injury Dietary life style modification may prove beneficial in the management of various metabolic disorders.
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Carbohydrate composition in breast milk and its effect on infant health.
Berger, PK, Plows, JF, Demerath, EW, Fields, DA
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2020;(4):277-281
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This narrative review presents the current state of available evidence regarding the role of breast milk carbohydrates on infant outcomes, with a primary focus on growth and body composition. RECENT FINDINGS To date, there is a paucity of available data that exists in this realm. The current literature focuses on the role of two carbohydrate fractions in breast milk, and their relationships with infant outcomes in the first six months of life: oligosaccharides and fructose. A small but growing body of research indicates robust associations of both oligosaccharides and fructose in breast milk with infant weight and length, as well as bone, fat, and lean mass. There is also emerging evidence to support the role of these same carbohydrate fractions in breast milk in infant cognitive development. SUMMARY The present state of the science suggests that oligosaccharides and fructose in breast milk play a role in infant growth and body composition and introduces intriguing associations of these two carbohydrate fractions with infant cognitive development as well.
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Fructose and irritable bowel syndrome.
Melchior, C, Douard, V, Coëffier, M, Gourcerol, G
Nutrition research reviews. 2020;(2):235-243
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder characterised by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort and transit disturbances with heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms. The link between food and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is often reported by patients with IBS and the role of fructose has recently been highlighted. Fructose malabsorption can easily be assessed by hydrogen and/or methane breath test in response to 25 g fructose; and its prevalence is about 22 % in patients with IBS. The mechanism of fructose-related symptoms is incompletely understood. Osmotic load, fermentation and visceral hypersensitivity are likely to participate in GI symptoms in the IBS population and may be triggered or worsened by fructose. A low-fructose diet could be integrated in the overall treatment strategy, but its role and implication in the improvement of IBS symptoms should be evaluated. In the present review, we discuss fructose malabsorption in adult patients with IBS and the interest of a low-fructose diet in order to underline the important role of fructose in IBS.
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Fructose Metabolism in Cancer.
Krause, N, Wegner, A
Cells. 2020;(12)
Abstract
The interest in fructose metabolism is based on the observation that an increased dietary fructose consumption leads to an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In particular, obesity is a known risk factor to develop many types of cancer and there is clinical and experimental evidence that an increased fructose intake promotes cancer growth. The precise mechanism, however, in which fructose induces tumor growth is still not fully understood. In this article, we present an overview of the metabolic pathways that utilize fructose and how fructose metabolism can sustain cancer cell proliferation. Although the degradation of fructose shares many of the enzymes and metabolic intermediates with glucose metabolism through glycolysis, glucose and fructose are metabolized differently. We describe the different metabolic fates of fructose carbons and how they are connected to lipogenesis and nucleotide synthesis. In addition, we discuss how the endogenous production of fructose from glucose via the polyol pathway can be beneficial for cancer cells.
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Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes.
Fuchs, CJ, Gonzalez, JT, van Loon, LJC
The Journal of physiology. 2019;(14):3549-3560
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Abstract
Carbohydrate availability is important to maximize endurance performance during prolonged bouts of moderate- to high-intensity exercise as well as for acute post-exercise recovery. The primary form of carbohydrates that are typically ingested during and after exercise are glucose (polymers). However, intestinal glucose absorption can be limited by the capacity of the intestinal glucose transport system (SGLT1). Intestinal fructose uptake is not regulated by the same transport system, as it largely depends on GLUT5 as opposed to SGLT1 transporters. Combining the intake of glucose plus fructose can further increase total exogenous carbohydrate availability and, as such, allow higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. Ingesting a mixture of both glucose and fructose can improve endurance exercise performance compared to equivalent amounts of glucose (polymers) only. Fructose co-ingestion can also accelerate post-exercise (liver) glycogen repletion rates, which may be relevant when rapid (<24 h) recovery is required. Furthermore, fructose co-ingestion can lower gastrointestinal distress when relatively large amounts of carbohydrate (>1.2 g/kg/h) are ingested during post-exercise recovery. In conclusion, combined ingestion of fructose with glucose may be preferred over the ingestion of glucose (polymers) only to help trained athletes maximize endurance performance during prolonged moderate- to high-intensity exercise sessions and accelerate post-exercise (liver) glycogen repletion.
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Bioelectrocatalytic performance of d-fructose dehydrogenase.
Adachi, T, Kaida, Y, Kitazumi, Y, Shirai, O, Kano, K
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2019;:1-9
Abstract
This review summarizes the bioelectrocatalytic properties of d-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH), while taking into consideration its enzymatic characteristics. FDH is a membrane-bound flavohemo-protein with a molecular mass of 138 kDa, and it catalyzes the oxidation of d-fructose to 5-keto-d-fructose. The characteristic feature of FDH is its strong direct-electron-transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalytic activity. The pathway of the DET-type reaction is discussed. An overview of the application of FDH-based bioelectrocatalysis to biosensors and biofuel cells is also presented, and the benefits and problems associated with it are extensively discussed.