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1.
The Effect of Fasting on Human Metabolism and Psychological Health.
Wang, Y, Wu, R
Disease markers. 2022;:5653739
Abstract
Fasting is a prevalent approach to weight loss and is a feasible method for treating some diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Meanwhile, the effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease process are hot issues and are of concern by researchers of multiple areas, even the public. This article introduces the effects of fasting on human lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, and neuroendocrine metabolism; demonstrates the metabolic conversion caused by fasting; and describes the effects of fasting on human psychological health, the relationship between mood regulation and glucose, and the emotional enhancing effect induced by fasting.
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Role of chemerin in the control of glucose homeostasis.
Léniz, A, González, M, Besné, I, Carr-Ugarte, H, Gómez-García, I, Portillo, MP
Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2022;:111504
Abstract
Chemerin is an adipokine produced by the white adipose tissue and other tissues, which plays various roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in multiple organs. The present review aims at gathering scientific evidence reported in the last ten years, concerning the relationship of chemerin with alterations of glycaemic control, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in humans. Although the vast majority of the studies have shown a positive correlation between the chemerin level and a bad glycaemic control, a general consensus has not been reached. The reported results come from case-control and observational longitudinal studies, thereby limiting their interpretation. In fact, it cannot be stated whether insulin resistance and diabetes lead to an increase in chemerin levels or, on the contrary, if high levels of chemerin contribute to an impaired glycaemic control. Elevated levels of circulating chemerin are also associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Chemerin gene polymorphisms could be proposed as mediators of glucose-related diseases. Nevertheless, to date very little is known about their implication in glucose metabolism. With regard to the mechanisms of action, chemerin impairs insulin cascade signaling by acting on several proteins of this cascade and by inducing inflammation.
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3.
Glucose and Fructose Hydrogel Enhances Running Performance, Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation, and Gastrointestinal Tolerance.
Rowe, JT, King, RFGJ, King, AJ, Morrison, DJ, Preston, T, Wilson, OJ, O'Hara, JP
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2022;(1):129-140
Abstract
PURPOSE Beneficial effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on exogenous CHO oxidation and endurance performance require a well-functioning gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, GI complaints are common during endurance running. This study investigated the effect of a CHO solution-containing sodium alginate and pectin (hydrogel) on endurance running performance, exogenous and endogenous CHO oxidation, and GI symptoms. METHODS Eleven trained male runners, using a randomized, double-blind design, completed three 120-min steady-state runs at 68% V˙O2max, followed by a 5-km time-trial. Participants ingested 90 g·h-1 of 2:1 glucose-fructose (13C enriched) as a CHO hydrogel, a standard CHO solution (nonhydrogel), or a CHO-free placebo during the 120 min. Fat oxidation, total and exogenous CHO oxidation, plasma glucose oxidation, and endogenous glucose oxidation from liver and muscle glycogen were calculated using indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. GI symptoms were recorded throughout the trial. RESULTS Time-trial performance was 7.6% and 5.6% faster after hydrogel ([min:s] 19:29 ± 2:24, P < 0.001) and nonhydrogel (19:54 ± 2:23, P = 0.002), respectively, versus placebo (21:05 ± 2:34). Time-trial performance after hydrogel was 2.1% faster (P = 0.033) than nonhydrogel. Absolute and relative exogenous CHO oxidation was greater with hydrogel (68.6 ± 10.8 g, 31.9% ± 2.7%; P = 0.01) versus nonhydrogel (63.4 ± 8.1 g, 29.3% ± 2.0%; P = 0.003). Absolute and relative endogenous CHO oxidation was lower in both CHO conditions compared with placebo (P < 0.001), with no difference between CHO conditions. Absolute and relative liver glucose oxidation and muscle glycogen oxidation were not different between CHO conditions. Total GI symptoms were not different between hydrogel and placebo, but GI symptoms were higher in nonhydrogel compared with placebo and hydrogel (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The ingestion of glucose and fructose in hydrogel form during running benefited endurance performance, exogenous CHO oxidation, and GI symptoms compared with a standard CHO solution.
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4.
Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation.
Gromova, LV, Fetissov, SO, Gruzdkov, AA
Nutrients. 2021;(7)
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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5.
Sweetness Perception is not Involved in the Regulation of Blood Glucose after Oral Application of Sucrose and Glucose Solutions in Healthy Male Subjects.
Grüneis, V, Schweiger, K, Galassi, C, Karl, CM, Treml, J, Ley, JP, König, J, Krammer, GE, Somoza, V, Lieder, B
Molecular nutrition & food research. 2021;(2):e2000472
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Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the effect of the sweetness of a sucrose versus an isocaloric glucose solution in dietary concentrations on blood glucose regulation by adjusting the sweetness level using the sweet taste inhibitor lactisole. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 27 healthy males participated in this randomized, crossover study with four treatments: 10% glucose, 10% sucrose, 10% sucrose + 60 ppm lactisole, and 10% glucose + 60 ppm lactisole. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucagon levels are measured at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after beverage consumption. Test subjects rated the sucrose solution to be sweeter than the isocaloric glucose solution, whereas no difference in sweetness is reported after addition of lactisole to the sucrose solution. Administration of the less sweet glucose solution versus sucrose led to higher blood glucose levels after 30 min, as reflected by a lower ΔAUC for sucrose (1072 ± 136) than for glucose (1567 ± 231). Application of lactisole leads to no differences in glucose, insulin, or glucagon responses induced by sucrose or glucose. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the structure of the carbohydrate has a stronger impact on the regulation of blood glucose levels than the perceived sweetness.
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Targeting the Supply Lines of Cancer - A Possible Strategy for Combating the Disease?
Abrahamsen, O, Balslev, E, Høgdall, E
Anticancer research. 2021;(6):2737-2744
Abstract
Cancer cells alter and up-regulate their metabolic activity in order to facilitate the increased demands of malignancy. This leads to an increased need for metabolic "building materials", for example glucose and amino acids. The blood circulation represents the principal supply lines delivering these materials. It, therefore, becomes relevant to investigate if these supply lines - in terms of the concentrations of building materials in the blood - may exhibit a therapeutic window and could be intervened, as they deliver the most basal components required to exert malignant functioning. A key aspect in this strategy is that it targets - in theory - the thermodynamic foundation enabling the activities that, essentially, "make a cancer a cancer". As an initial step, this review examines if the metabolic supply lines carry clinical implications; specifically, if they impact survival and the development of metastases in patients with cancer. Furthermore, it presents and discusses perspectives on potentially targeting these supply lines.
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Phloroglucinol prevents albumin glycation as well as diminishes ROS production, glycooxidative damage, nitrosative stress and inflammation in hepatocytes treated with high glucose.
Drygalski, K, Fereniec, E, Zalewska, A, Krętowski, A, Żendzian-Piotrowska, M, Maciejczyk, M
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2021;:111958
Abstract
The treatment of diabetes mellitus aftermaths became one of medicine's most significant therapeutical and financial issues in the XXI century. Most of which are related to protein glycation and oxidative stress caused by long lasting periods of hyperglycemia. Thus, even within a venerable one, searching for new drugs, displaying anti-glycation and anti-oxidative properties seem useful as an additive therapy of diabetes. In this paper, we assessed the anti-glycating properties of phloroglucinol, a drug discovered in the XIX century and still used in many countries for its antispasmodic action. Herewith, we present its effect on protein glycation, glycoxidation, and oxidative damage in an albumin glycation/oxidation model and HepG2 cells treated with high glucose concentrations. The phloroglucinol showed the strongest and the widest protective effect within all analyzed antiglycating (aminoguanidine, pioglitazone) and anti-oxidative (vitamin C, GSH) agents. To the very best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the properties of phloroglucinol in vitro what once is proven in other models might deepen its clinical applications.
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Cocoa Flavanols Adjuvant to an Oral Nutritional Supplement Acutely Enhances Nutritive Flow in Skeletal Muscle without Altering Leg Glucose Uptake Kinetics in Older Adults.
Sian, TS, Din, USU, Deane, CS, Smith, K, Gates, A, Lund, JN, Williams, JP, Rueda, R, Pereira, SL, Phillips, BE, et al
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
Ageing is associated with postprandial muscle vascular and metabolic dysfunction, suggesting vascular modifying interventions may be of benefit. Reflecting this, we investigated the impact of acute cocoa flavanol (450-500 mg) intake (versus placebo control) on vascular (via ultrasound) and glucose/insulin metabolic responses (via arterialised/venous blood samples and ELISA) to an oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in twelve healthy older adults (50% male, 72 ± 4 years), in a crossover design study. The cocoa condition displayed significant increases in m. vastus lateralis microvascular blood volume (MBV) in response to feeding at 180 and 240-min after ONS consumption (baseline: 1.00 vs. 180 min: 1.09 ± 0.03, p = 0.05; 240 min: 1.13 ± 0.04, p = 0.002), with MBV at these timepoints significantly higher than in the control condition (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a trend (p = 0.058) for MBV in m. tibialis anterior to increase in response to ONS in the cocoa condition only. Leg blood flow and vascular conductance increased, and vascular resistance decreased in response to ONS (p < 0.05), but these responses were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). Similarly, glucose uptake and insulin increased in response to ONS (p < 0.05) comparably between conditions (p > 0.05). Thus, acute cocoa flavanol supplementation can potentiate oral feeding-induced increases in MBV in older adults, but this improvement does not relay to muscle glucose uptake.
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Hypoglycemia requiring paramedic assistance among adults in southwestern Ontario, Canada: a population-based retrospective cohort study.
Liu, SL, Columbus, MP, Peddle, M, Mahon, JL, Spaic, T
CMAJ open. 2021;(4):E1260-E1268
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Abstract
BACKGROUND People with diabetes mellitus commonly experience hypoglycemia, but they may not necessarily present to hospital after severe hypoglycemia requiring paramedic assistance. We sought to describe the incidence and characteristics of calls for hypoglycemia requiring paramedic assistance among adults in southwestern Ontario, Canada, and to determine predictors of hospital transport. METHODS This population-based retrospective cohort study used data extracted from ambulance call reports (ACRs) of 8 paramedic services of the Southwest Ontario Regional Base Hospital Program from January 2008 to June 2014. We described calls in which treatment for hypoglycemia was administered, summarized the incidence of hypoglycemia calls and performed logistic regression to determine predictors of hospital transport. RESULTS Out of 470 467 ACRs during the study period, 9185 paramedic calls occurred in which hypoglycemia treatment was administered to an adult (mean age 60.2 yr, 56.8% male, 81.1% with documented diabetes). Refusal of hospital transport occurred in 2243 (24.4%) of calls. Documented diabetes diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69-0.96), higher capillary blood glucose (adjusted OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.22-0.44) and overnight calls (adjusted OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.91) were associated with lower odds of hospital transport. Higher-acuity calls (adjusted OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.58-2.66) were associated with higher odds of transport. The estimated annual incidence rate of hypoglycemia requiring paramedic assistance was 108 per 10 000 people with diabetes per year. INTERPRETATION Hypoglycemia requiring paramedic assistance in southwestern Ontario is common, and close to 25% of calls do not result in hospital transport. Physicians managing diabetes care may be unaware of patients' hypoglycemia requiring paramedic care, suggesting a potential gap in follow-up care; we suggest that paramedics play an important role in identifying those at high recurrence risk and communicating with their care providers.
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Dietary carbohydrates and fats in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Yki-Järvinen, H, Luukkonen, PK, Hodson, L, Moore, JB
Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2021;(11):770-786
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Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically increased in parallel with the epidemic of obesity. Controversy has emerged around dietary guidelines recommending low-fat-high-carbohydrate diets and the roles of dietary macronutrients in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. In this Review, the topical questions of whether and how dietary fats and carbohydrates, including free sugars, differentially influence the accumulation of liver fat (specifically, intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content) are addressed. Focusing on evidence from humans, we examine data from stable isotope studies elucidating how macronutrients regulate IHTG synthesis and disposal, alter pools of bioactive lipids and influence insulin sensitivity. In addition, we review cross-sectional studies on dietary habits of patients with NAFLD and randomized controlled trials on the effects of altering dietary macronutrients on IHTG. Perhaps surprisingly, evidence to date shows no differential effects between free sugars, with both glucose and fructose increasing IHTG in the context of excess energy. Moreover, saturated fat raises IHTG more than polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats, with adverse effects on insulin sensitivity, which are probably mediated in part by increased ceramide synthesis. Taken together, the data support the use of diets that have a reduced content of free sugars, refined carbohydrates and saturated fat in the treatment of NAFLD.