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1.
[Adipose tissue composition in puberty and postpuberty according to age, sex (gender), physical activity and alimentary behavior].
Matosyan, KA, Oranskaya, AN, Pustovalov, DA, Cherepkova, EV, Skotnikova, UV, Burdyukova, EV, Anishchenko, AP, Gurevich, KG, Khanferyan, RA
Voprosy pitaniia. 2015;(5):88-94
Abstract
The study involved 110 adolescents from 15 to 22 years (35 boys, 75 girls). To assess eating habits and physical activity we used WHO questionnaires. We also analyzed anthropometry, bioimpedance data, parameters of the cardiovascular system: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate. It has been shown, that body mass index (BMI) in adolescents didn’t correlate with the content of both total and visceral adipose tissue in the body and shoud not be used as a major diagnostic criterion of obesity. An excessive content of total adipose tissue was shown in 15% of the puberty and postpuberty teens. Visceral fat content was significantly higher in male, than female (3.03±3.31 vs 2.11±1.57%), independently of the total fat percentage (18.91±16.83 and 31.72±19.24% respectively). The visceral fat in the body begins to increase in age of 16. According to the authors, such an effect in boys and girls is associated with the final changes of puberty (concentration of sex steroids). Such hormons like testosterone and progesterone and estradiol have different effects on the white adipose tissue and play a key role in proceses of its differentiation and metabolism. Percentage of total adipose tissue depends on dietary habits in the first place – the predominance of fast food. A significant relationship of physical activity and the percentage of visceral fat was shown.
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2.
Effects of Evolocumab on Vitamin E and Steroid Hormone Levels: Results From the 52-Week, Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled DESCARTES Study.
Blom, DJ, Djedjos, CS, Monsalvo, ML, Bridges, I, Wasserman, SM, Scott, R, Roth, E
Circulation research. 2015;(8):731-41
Abstract
RATIONALE Vitamin E transport and steroidogenesis are closely associated with low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) metabolism, and evolocumab can lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to low levels. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of evolocumab on vitamin E and steroid hormone levels. METHODS AND RESULTS After titration of background lipid-lowering therapy per cardiovascular risk, 901 patients with an LDL-C ≥2.0 mmol/L were randomized to 52 weeks of monthly, subcutaneous evolocumab, or placebo. Vitamin E, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and gonadal hormones were analyzed at baseline and week 52. In a substudy (n=100), vitamin E levels were also measured in serum, LDL, high-density lipoprotein, and red blood cell membranes at baseline and week 52. Absolute vitamin E decreased in evolocumab-treated patients from baseline to week 52 by 16% but increased by 19% when normalized for cholesterol. In the substudy, vitamin E level changes from baseline to week 52 mirrored the changes in the lipid fraction, and red blood cell membrane vitamin E levels did not change. Cortisol in evolocumab-treated patients increased slightly from baseline to week 52, but adrenocorticotropic hormone and the cortisol:adrenocorticotropic hormone ratio did not change. No patient had a cortisol:adrenocorticotropic hormone ratio <3.0 (nmol/pmol). Among evolocumab-treated patients, gonadal hormones did not change from baseline to week 52. Vitamin E and steroid changes were consistent across subgroups by minimum postbaseline LDL-C <0.4 and <0.6 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS As expected, vitamin E levels changed similarly to lipids among patients treated for 52 weeks with evolocumab. No adverse effects were observed in steroid or gonadal hormones, even at very low LDL-C levels. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01516879.
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3.
A pilot clinical study of resveratrol in postmenopausal women with high body mass index: effects on systemic sex steroid hormones.
Chow, HH, Garland, LL, Heckman-Stoddard, BM, Hsu, CH, Butler, VD, Cordova, CA, Chew, WM, Cornelison, TL
Journal of translational medicine. 2014;:223
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer risk is partially determined by several hormone-related factors. Preclinical and clinical studies suggested that resveratrol may modulate these hormonal factors. METHODS We conducted a pilot study in postmenopausal women with high body mass index (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) to determine the clinical effect of resveratrol on systemic sex steroid hormones. Forty subjects initiated the resveratrol intervention (1 gm daily for 12 weeks) with six withdrawn early due to adverse events (AEs). Thirty-four subjects completed the intervention. RESULTS Resveratrol intervention did not result in significant changes in serum concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and testosterone but led to an average of 10% increase in the concentrations of sex steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Resveratrol intervention resulted in an average of 73% increase in urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) levels leading to a favorable change in urinary 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 ratio. One participant had asymptomatic Grade 4 elevation of liver enzymes at the end of study intervention. Two subjects had Grade 3 skin rashes. The remaining adverse events were Grade 1 or 2 events. The most common adverse events were diarrhea and increased total cholesterol, reported in 30% and 27.5% of the subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that among overweight and obese postmenopausal women, daily 1 gm dose of resveratrol has favorable effects on estrogen metabolism and SHBG. Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm our findings on these hormone-related breast cancer risk factors and the attribution of the adverse effects observed in the study population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01370889.
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4.
Effects of sex steroids on the neurotransmitter-specific aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in transsexual subjects.
Giltay, EJ, Bunck, MC, Gooren, LJ, Zitman, FG, Diamant, M, Teerlink, T
Neuroendocrinology. 2008;(2):103-10
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan are essential aromatic amino acids and precursors of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin. The aim of this study was to assess whether sex steroids affect plasma levels of these aromatic amino acids. METHODS 15 male-to-female (M-F) transsexuals were treated with 100 microg/day ethinyl estradiol and 100 mg/day cyproterone acetate, and 14 female-to-male (F-M) transsexuals were treated with testosterone esters 250 mg i.m. per 2 weeks. Plasma levels of hormones and amino acids were measured at baseline and after 4 and 12 months of cross-sex hormone administration, and analyzed by general linear models for repeated measures. RESULTS Plasma phenylalanine decreased by 7.5% (SD 3.0; p = 0.01); tyrosine by 18.3% (SD 4.6; p < 0.001), and tryptophan by 7.8% (SD 4.7; p = 0.03) after 12 months of estrogen + anti-androgen administration to M-F transsexuals. Administration of testosterone in F-M transsexuals did not induce significant changes in plasma levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine, but increased plasma tryptophan by 18.2% (SD 20.6; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Estrogens and anti-androgens reduce circulating levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in men, whereas testosterone administration increases plasma tryptophan levels in women. Sex steroids may influence the availability of neurotransmitter precursors.
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5.
Gynecologic and hormonal effects of raloxifene in premenopausal women.
Premkumar, A, Venzon, DJ, Avila, N, Johnson, DV, Remaley, AT, Forman, MR, Eng-Wong, J, Zujewski, J, Stratton, P
Fertility and sterility. 2007;(6):1637-44
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of raloxifene on the ovaries, uterus, and serum hormone levels in premenopausal women. DESIGN Prospective study comparing pretreatment findings with findings for those on treatment. SETTING Government research hospital. PATIENT(S): Thirty women 35 to 47 years of age who were at high risk of breast cancer and had regular, ovulatory menstrual cycles. INTERVENTION(S): Raloxifene (60 mg) and calcium (1,200 mg) daily for 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Sonographic evidence of ovarian stimulation (>or=2 corpora lutea, or follicular cysts of >2 cm, or single follicular cyst of >3 cm). Changes in endometrial thickness, fibroid size, hormone levels, and menstrual-cycle length. RESULT(S): Fifteen subjects developed some cycles with asymptomatic ovarian stimulation, and 9 developed benign endometrial polyps, compared with 2 subjects and 1 subject pretreatment, respectively. Uterine fibroid size was unchanged during raloxifene use in 16 subjects with fibroids. On treatment, E(2) levels increased significantly only during the follicular phase, with peak E(2) levels significantly higher in cycles showing ovarian stimulation compared with those without. Sex hormone-binding globulin increased, but levels of LH, FSH, P, DHEAS, and T did not. Endometrial thickness and cycle length were unchanged. CONCLUSION(S): Premenopausal subjects receiving raloxifene showed sonographic and hormonal evidence of ovarian stimulation. Endometrial thickness, cycle length, and fibroid size were unchanged. Benign asymptomatic endometrial polyps developed in some.
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6.
Graft function, cardiovascular risk factors, and sex hormones in renal transplant recipients on an immunosuppressive regimen of everolimus, reduced dose of cyclosporine, and basiliximab.
Krämer, BK, Neumayer, HH, Stahl, R, Pietrzyk, M, Krüger, B, Pfalzer, B, Bourbigot, B, Campbell, S, Whelchel, J, Eris, J, et al
Transplantation proceedings. 2005;(3):1601-4
Abstract
A prospective, randomized trial evaluated the combination of everolimus of 1.5 or 3 mg/d with steroids, basiliximab, and low-dose cyclosporine (CsA) adjusted by C2 monitoring in 256 renal transplant recipients. CsA C2 target levels, initially set at 600 ng/mL, were tapered over time posttransplant. The median serum creatinine concentrations were 130 mumol/L in both sirolimus groups (1.5 and 3 mg/d) at 6 months. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) occurred in 13.7% and 15.1% of patients in the 1.5 and 3 mg/d groups, respectively. The incidence of BPAR was significantly higher among patients with everolimus trough levels < 3 ng/mL. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus occurred rarely, and blood pressure control appeared favorable; however, serum cholesterol levels were increased by approximately 50%, and serum triglycerides by approximately 100%. Serum testosterone concentrations increased after renal transplantation in both everolimus groups. Concentration-controlled everolimus therapy combined with low-dose CsA provides effective protection against rejection with good renal function and safety profiles.
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7.
Prevention of bone loss after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by calcium, vitamin D, and sex hormone replacement with or without pamidronate.
Kananen, K, Volin, L, Laitinen, K, Alfthan, H, Ruutu, T, Välimäki, MJ
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2005;(7):3877-85
Abstract
CONTEXT In controlled studies, bisphosphonates have been used to prevent bone loss after solid organ transplantations but not in conjunction with stem cell transplantation (SCT). OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test whether additional iv pamidronate would prevent bone loss associated with SCT more effectively than the combination of calcium, vitamin D, and sex steroid replacement therapy alone. SETTING The study was carried out at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. PATIENTS, DESIGN, INTERVENTION Ninety-nine adult recipients of allogeneic SCT were randomized by age and gender into two groups. In one group, the patients received 1000 mg calcium carbonate and 800 IU vitamin D daily, and females received estrogen and males received testosterone replacement therapy. In another group, the patients received the same treatments plus six iv infusions of 60 mg pamidronate before and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 months after SCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the upper femur, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and bone turnover markers were followed for 12 months. RESULTS In the pamidronate group, lumbar spine BMD remained stable but decreased in the other group by 2.9% at 12 months (P = 0.0084 between the groups over time). Total hip BMD reduced 5.1% in the pamidronate group and 7.8% in the other group by 12 months (P = 0.0015), and femoral neck BMD reduced 4.2 and 6.2%, respectively (P = 0.074). In the pamidronate group, serum type I procollagen amino-terminal propeptide (P = 0.032 between the groups over time) and urinary type I collagen amino-terminal telopeptide (P = 0.035) decreased 79 and 68% during the first 3 months, and remained lowered thereafter, but did not change in the other group. CONCLUSIONS The recipients of allogeneic SCT receiving additional pamidronate sustain less bone loss than those treated with calcium, vitamin D, and sex steroid replacement alone. Despite all the efforts, however, bone loss is not totally abolished at the hip.
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8.
Estrogenic effect of yam ingestion in healthy postmenopausal women.
Wu, WH, Liu, LY, Chung, CJ, Jou, HJ, Wang, TA
Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2005;(4):235-43
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Yam (Dioscorea) has been used to treat menopausal symptom folklorically. This study was to investigate the effects of yam ingestion on lipids, antioxidant status, and sex hormones in postmenopausal women. METHODS Twenty-four apparently healthy postmenopausal women were recruited to replace their staple food (rice for the most part) with 390 g of yam (Dioscorea alata) in 2 of 3 meals per day for 30 days and 22 completed the study. Fasting blood and first morning urine samples were collected before and after yam intervention for the analyses of blood lipids, sex hormones, urinary estrogen metabolites and oxidant stress biomarker. The design was a one arm, pre-post study. A similar study of postmenopausal women (n = 19) fed 240 g of sweet potato for 41 days was included as a control study. Serum levels of estrone, estradiol and SHBG were analyzed for this control group. RESULTS After yam ingestion, there were significant increases in serum concentrations of estrone (26%), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (9.5%), and near significant increase in estradiol (27%). No significant changes were observed in serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Free androgen index estimated from the ratio of serum concentrations of total testosterone to SHBG decreased. Urinary concentrations of the genotoxic metabolite of estrogen, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone decreased significantly by 37%. Plasma cholesterol concentration decreased significantly by 5.9%. Lag time of low-density lipoprotein oxidation prolonged significantly by 5.8% and urinary isoprostane levels decreased significantly by 42%. For the control subjects fed with sweet potato, all three hormone parameters measured were not changed after intervention. CONCLUSION Although the exact mechanism is not clear, replacing two thirds of staple food with yam for 30 days improves the status of sex hormones, lipids, and antioxidants. These effects might reduce the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.
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9.
Effects of a diet rich in phytoestrogens on prostate-specific antigen and sex hormones in men diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Dalais, FS, Meliala, A, Wattanapenpaiboon, N, Frydenberg, M, Suter, DA, Thomson, WK, Wahlqvist, ML
Urology. 2004;(3):510-5
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of diets rich in soy and linseed compared with a control diet on biochemical markers of prostate cancer in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. METHODS Twenty-nine men diagnosed with prostate cancer and scheduled to undergo a radical prostatectomy were randomized to one of three groups: soy (high phytoestrogen), soy and linseed (high phytoestrogen), or wheat (low phytoestrogen). A bread was specially manufactured to incorporate 50 g of heat-treated (HT) soy grits or 50 g of HT soy grits and 20 g of linseed as part of the study participant's daily diet. Baseline and preoperative levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free androgen index, and dihydrotestosterone were measured. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were detected between the HT soy grits group and the control wheat group for the percentage of change in total PSA (-12.7% versus 40%, P = 0.02) and the percentage of change in free/total PSA ratio (27.4% versus -15.6%, P = 0.01); and between the HT soy grits group and the HT soy grits and linseed group for the percentage of change in free androgen index (16.4% versus -15.5%, P = 0.04) and the percentage of change in free/total PSA ratio (27.4% versus -10%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The data from this study indicate that a daily diet containing four slices of a bread rich in HT soy grits favorably influences the PSA level and the free/total PSA ratio in patients with prostate cancer. This work provides some evidence to support epidemiologic studies claiming that male populations who consume high phytoestrogen diets have a reduced risk of prostate cancer development and progression.
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10.
Short-term effects of high soy supplementation on sex hormones, bone markers, and lipid parameters in young female adults.
Zittermann, A, Geppert, J, Baier, S, Zehn, N, Gouni-Berthold, I, Berthold, HK, Reinsberg, J, Stehle, P
European journal of nutrition. 2004;(2):100-8
Abstract
BACKGROUND High intake of soy products has been suggested to prevent breast cancer, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of isoflavone-containing soy on circulating sex hormones, biomarkers of bone turnover, and lipoprotein profiles. METHODS Fourteen young women received in a randomized crossover design 5 soy cookies (52 mg isoflavones) or 5 soy-free cookies (no isoflavones) per day for one menstrual cycle starting one week before menstruation. Serum and urine analyses were performed on day 3 after onset of menstruation (t(1)), 3 days before ovulation (t(2)), 3 days after ovulation (t(3)), during the midluteal phase (t(4)), and again 3 days after onset of the next menstruation (t(5)). RESULTS With the exception of higher progesterone levels at t(2), soy supplementation did not affect the physiologic fluctuations in circulating sex hormones. The ratio of C-telopeptide (a bone resorption marker) to osteocalcin (a bone formation marker) was slightly higher at t(4) during the soy period compared to t(4) during the control period (P < 0.05), indicating an uncoupling of bone resorption and formation processes. Serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were not influenced by soy intake. CONCLUSIONS High short-term isoflavone-containing soy intake slightly affects physiologic fluctuations in bone turnover, but has no significant effects on most circulating sex hormones and on lipoprotein parameters in young healthy women.