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Influence of Growth Hormone and Glutamine on Intestinal Stem Cells: A Narrative Review.
Chen, Y, Tsai, YH, Tseng, BJ, Tseng, SH
Nutrients. 2019;(8)
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and glutamine (Gln) stimulate the growth of the intestinal mucosa. GH activates the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), enhances the formation of crypt organoids, increases ISC stemness markers in the intestinal organoids, and drives the differentiation of ISCs into Paneth cells and enterocytes. Gln enhances the proliferation of ISCs and increases crypt organoid formation; however, it mainly acts on the post-proliferation activity of ISCs to maintain the stability of crypt organoids and the intestinal mucosa, as well as to stimulate the differentiation of ISCs into goblet cells and possibly Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells. Since GH and Gln have differential effects on ISCs. Their use in combination may have synergistic effects on ISCs. In this review, we summarize the evidence of the actions of GH and/or Gln on crypt cells and ISCs in the literature. Overall, most studies demonstrated that GH and Gln in combination exerted synergistic effects to activate the proliferation of crypt cells and ISCs and enhance crypt organoid formation and mucosal growth. This treatment influenced the proliferation of ISCs to a similar degree as GH treatment alone and the differentiation of ISCs to a similar degree as Gln treatment alone.
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2.
Vitamin D and growth hormone in children: a review of the current scientific knowledge.
Esposito, S, Leonardi, A, Lanciotti, L, Cofini, M, Muzi, G, Penta, L
Journal of translational medicine. 2019;(1):87
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human growth is a complex mechanism that depends on genetic, environmental, nutritional and hormonal factors. The main hormone involved in growth at each stage of development is growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). In contrast, vitamin D is involved in the processes of bone growth and mineralization through the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Nevertheless, no scientific study has yet elucidated how they interact with one another, especially as a dysfunction in which one influences the other, even if numerous biochemical and clinical studies confirm the presence of a close relationship. MAIN BODY We reviewed and analyzed the clinical studies that have considered the relationship between vitamin D and the GH/IGF-1 axis in pediatric populations. We found two main areas of interest: the vitamin D deficiency status in patients affected by GH deficit (GHD) and the relationship between serum vitamin D metabolites and IGF-1. Although limited by some bias, from the analysis of the studies presented in the scientific literature, it is possible to hypothesize a greater frequency of hypovitaminosis D in the subjects affected by GHD, a reduced possibility of its correction with only substitution treatment with recombinant growth hormone (rGH) and an improvement of IGF-1 levels after supplementation treatment with vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS These results could be followed by preventive interventions aimed at reducing the vitamin D deficit in pediatric age. In addition, further research is needed to fully understand how vitamin D and growth are intertwined.
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3.
[Acromegaly features in the aging population].
Anoun, N, El Ouahabi, H
The Pan African medical journal. 2017;:169
Abstract
Somatotroph adenomas are rare in the aging population. Diagnosis of somatotroph adenomas is often long delayed and they are characterized by atypical clinical picture. Their diagnostic criteria are similar to those used for younger patients. Surgery, if possible, is the treatment of choice for acromegaly in the elderly. Somatostatin analogues have shown to be effective in these patients. Prognosis is inversely correlated with patient's age, duration of disease and last GH level under treatment. Beside evolution of disease, age is a major determinant of mortality. We report three cases of elderly patients with acromegaly aged 75, 70 and 66 years respectively with a literature review.
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4.
Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, Thyroid Axis, Prolactin, and Exercise.
Hackney, AC, Davis, HC, Lane, AR
Frontiers of hormone research. 2016;:1-11
Abstract
This chapter addresses what is known about the endocrine system components growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, thyroid axis, and prolactin relative to exercise and exercise training. Each one of these hormone axes contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis in the body through impact on a multitude of physiological systems. The homeostatic disruption of exercise causes differing responses in each hormone axis. GH levels increase with sufficient stimulation, and IGFs are released in response to GH from the anterior pituitary providing multiple roles including anabolic properties. Changes in the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 vary greatly with exercise, from increases/decreases to no change in levels across different exercise types, intensities and durations. These ambiguous findings could be due to numerous confounding factors (e.g. nutrition status) within the research. Prolactin increases proportionally to the intensity of the exercise. The magnitude may be augmented with extended durations; conflicting findings have been reported with resistance training. While the responses to exercise vary, it appears there may be overall adaptive and regenerative impacts on the body into recovery by these hormones through immune and tissue inflammatory responses/mediations. Nonetheless, well-designed exercise research studies are still needed on each of these hormones, especially thyroid hormones and prolactin.
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5.
Endocrine therapy for growth retardation in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
Altowati, MA, Russell, RK, Ahmed, SF
Paediatric drugs. 2014;(1):29-42
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn's disease (CD), can potentially cause growth failure during childhood as well as a reduction in final adult height. The underlying mechanism is multifactorial and includes poor nutrition, chronic inflammation, and the prolonged use of steroids. Despite major advances in the treatment of CD, current cohorts of children continue to display a deficit in linear growth and may qualify for growth-promoting hormonal therapy. However, currently there is limited evidence to support the use of endocrine therapy directed primarily at improving growth. This review is aimed at summarising the current evidence for growth impairment in inflammatory bowel disease and discusses the rationale for using growth promoting therapy.
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6.
Prader-Willi syndrome and growth hormone deficiency.
Aycan, Z, Baş, VN
Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology. 2014;(2):62-7
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare multisystem genetic disorder demonstrating great variability with changing clinical features during patient's life. It is characterized by severe hypotonia with poor sucking and feeding difficulties in early infancy, followed by excessive eating and gradual development of morbid obesity in later infancy or early childhood. The phenotype is most probably due to hypothalamic dysfunction which is also responsible for growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiencies, central adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadism. The multidimensional problems of patients with PWS can be managed with multidisciplinary approach. Reduced GH secretion, low peak GH response to stimulation, decreased spontaneous GH secretion and low serum IGF-1 levels in PWS patients have been documented in many studies. GH therapy has multiple beneficial effects on growth and body composition, motor and mental development in PWS patients. The recommended dosage for GH is 0.5-1 mg/m2/day. GH therapy should not be started in the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, severe obesity and diabetes mellitus. GH treatment should be considered for patients with genetically confirmed PWS in conjunction with dietary, environmental and life-style measures.
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7.
Growth factors as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a concise review of the evidence toward their potential clinical utility.
Barahona-Garrido, J, Hernández-Calleros, J, García-Juárez, I, Yamamoto-Furusho, JK
Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association. 2009;(3):208-12
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Abstract
In the process of inflammation and repair of the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there occurs a complex and an unknown interplay of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This interaction of factors may explain why IBD is characterized by a relapsing and remitting clinical course. Different components of innate immunity, hormones and interleukins in IBD have been suggested to be impaired. The growth hormone, epidermal growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor and colony-stimulating factors have emerged as potential tools for the modulation of intestinal inflammation and repair. Despite promising results of initial studies, the evidence that justify treatment of patients in clinical practice is not enough as some of the trials are nonrandomized or included a small number of patients. In this concise review, we provide a summary of the most recent and relevant evidence regarding the potential therapeutic effects of growth factors in IBD.
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8.
Growth factors in short-bowel syndrome patients.
Jeppesen, PB
Gastroenterology clinics of North America. 2007;(1):109-21, vii
Abstract
Malabsorption is a key finding in patients with short-bowel syndrome. Malabsorption of nonessential and essential nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes, if not compensated for by increased intake, leads to diminished body stores and subclinical and (eventually) clinical deficiencies. After intestinal resection, adaptation (a spontaneous progressive recovery from the malabsorptive disorder) may be evident. This article describes selected factors responsible for the morphologic and functional changes in the adaptive processes and presents results of clinical trials that use either growth hormone or glucagon-like peptide-2 to facilitate a condition of hyperadaptation in short-bowel patients.
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Effects of growth hormone on glucose and fat metabolism in human subjects.
Jørgensen, JO, Møller, L, Krag, M, Billestrup, N, Christiansen, JS
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2007;(1):75-87
Abstract
This article focuses on in vivo data from tests performed in normal subjects and in patients who had abnormal growth hormone (GH) status. Experimental data in human subjects demonstrate that GH acutely inhibits glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. At the same time GH stimulates the turnover and oxidation of free fatty acid (FFA), and experimental evidence suggests a causal link between elevated FFA levels and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Observational data in GH-deficient adults do not indicate that GH replacement is associated with significant impairment of glucose tolerance, but it is recommended that overdosing be avoided and glycemic control be monitored.
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10.
Growth hormone stimulation tests in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
Pellecchia, MT, Pivonello, R, Colao, A, Barone, P
Clinical medicine & research. 2006;(4):322-5
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder whose differential diagnosis from other forms of atypical parkinsonism, for instance multiple system atrophy (MSA) or progressive supranuclear palsy, may be difficult, especially in the early stages. Growth hormone stimulation tests have been recently reported to be useful in the differential diagnosis between IPD and MSA. Both clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, and arginine, an amino acid activating the cholinergic system, have been used to assess growth hormone response in patients with IPD and MSA. This review summarizes the results of several studies and discusses the validity of these tests in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonisms.