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A Narrative Review of Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Functioning: Bringing a New Characteristic to Muscle Memory.
Shaughnessy, KA, Hackney, KJ, Clark, BC, Kraemer, WJ, Terbizan, DJ, Bailey, RR, McGrath, R
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 2020;(4):1265-1278
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of handgrip strength have not only emerged as a clinically viable screening tool for determining risk for morbidity, functional disability, and early mortality, but also for helping to identify cognitive deficits. However, the phenomena that links low handgrip strength with cognitive decline remains unclear. The role of the muscular and neural systems, and their adaptations to muscle strengthening activities over the life course, may provide important information for how age-related changes to muscle mass, strength, and neural capacity influence cognition. Moreover, disentangling how handgrip strength and cognitive function are associated may help to inform healthcare providers working with aging adults and guide targeted interventions aiming to preserve muscle and cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVE To 1) highlight and summarize evidence examining the associations of handgrip strength and cognitive functioning, and 2) provide directions for future research in this area. METHODS Articles from the PubMed database were searched from November 2018-May 2019. The search term algorithm, inclusion and exclusion criteria were pre-specified by investigators. RESULTS Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have revealed that measures of handgrip strength were associated with cognitive declines regardless of age demographics and the presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION Handgrip strength can be used in clinical and epidemiological settings for helping to determine the onset and progression of cognitive impairment. Future research should continue to examine how handgrip strength and cognitive function are linked.
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Handgrip Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Dialysis: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Hwang, SH, Lee, DH, Min, J, Jeon, JY
Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2019;(6):471-479
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the association between handgrip strength (HGS) and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. We evaluated eligible studies by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases up to December 2, 2018. A total of 9 prospective cohort studies were included in this meta-analysis. When we compared patients with low HGS to those with high HGS, the summary risk ratio of all-cause mortality was 1.88 (95% confidence interval 1.51-2.33; P < .001). In addition, the summary risk ratio of all-cause mortality associated with a 1-kg unit increase in HGS was 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.93-0.97; P < .001). This quantitative synthesis showed that low HGS was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. Our study suggests that HGS may be a simple and useful predictor of prognosis in this patient population.
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Handgrip strength and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors: A systematic review of the adult population.
de Lima, TR, Silva, DAS, de Castro, JAC, Christofaro, DGD
Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2017;(2):401-413
Abstract
OBJETIVES The aim of this study was to identify studies on handgrip strength (HGS) and associations with sociodemographic variables and lifestyle in adults. METHODS Searches were performed in Scielo, PubMed, EBSCO, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science databases. DATA EXTRACTION Two blinded reviewers independently screened the articles, scored their methodological quality and extracted data. QUALITY ASSESSMENT The selected studies were analyzed according to the agreement of their findings with the evidence summary. RESULTS Overall, 18,038 studies were found and 26 articles were selected. Lower HGS levels were found in older individuals (n = 20), females (n = 13) and in those not engaged in physical activities (n = 5). CONCLUSIONS Older adults, females, those of lower educational level and not physically active had lower HGS levels. The adoption of standardization in relation to specific cutoff points for HGS classification becomes necessary in order to allow better comparison of results.
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Examining hand dominance using dynamometric grip strength testing as evidence for overwork weakness in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Roberts-Clarke, D, Fornusek, C, Fiatarone Singh, MA, Burns, J, Hackett, DA
International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation. 2016;(3):189-96
Abstract
This systematic review with a meta-analysis of studies was carried out to evaluate the potential of overwork weakness on the basis of grip strength of dominant and nondominant hands in individuals with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). Numerous electronic databases were searched from the earliest records to February 2016. Studies of any design including participants older than 18 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of CMT that measured grip strength of both hands using dynamometric testing were eligible for inclusion. Of 12 593 articles identified following removal of duplicates, five articles fulfilled the criteria. A total of 166 participants, mostly with CMT1 or CMT2, were described from the studies included. Hand and finger pinch grip strength for the dominant compared with the nondominant hand was not statistically different. There is no definitive evidence that preferential use of the dominant hand in CMT impairs function relative to the nondominant hand. Thus, robust exercise trials of progressive resistance training are needed to understand the extent of adaptations possible and provide evidence of the safety of such regimens.
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Use of handgrip strength in the assessment of the muscle function of chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis: a systematic review.
Leal, VO, Mafra, D, Fouque, D, Anjos, LA
Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2011;(4):1354-60
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though handgrip strength (HGS) is considered a simple and reliable method to evaluate muscle function and, indirectly, the nutritional status in clinical settings, there is still no consensus concerning its use in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing dialysis. This study presents a systematic review of the literature on the use of HGS as a parameter for nutritional assessment and a prognostic marker in patients on dialysis. METHODS The MEDLINE database (1966 to October 2009) was consulted for this systematic review by using the search terms hand strength or muscle strength dynamometer and dialysis. Eighteen articles were identified and included in the analysis. RESULTS Similar to the general population, HGS values were associated with age and gender. The analysed studies showed correlation between muscle function estimated by HGS and variables used in the assessment of muscle mass and nutritional status, as well as the prediction of clinical complications. CONCLUSIONS The analysis indicates that HGS is a useful tool for continuous and systematic assessment of muscle mass related to nutritional status in patients on dialysis. However, it is still necessary to standardize the techniques used for HGS, especially with respect to the position of measurement, the evaluation period, the choice of arm side and the diagnostic criterion.
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Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status.
Norman, K, Stobäus, N, Gonzalez, MC, Schulzke, JD, Pirlich, M
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2011;(2):135-42
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Among all muscle function tests, measurement of hand grip strength has gained attention as a simple, non-invasive marker of muscle strength of upper extremities, well suitable for clinical use. This review outlines the prognostic relevance of grip strength in various clinical and epidemiologic settings and investigates its suitability as marker of nutritional status in cross-sectional as well as intervention studies. METHODS Studies investigating grip strength as prognostic marker or nutritional parameter in cross-sectional or intervention studies were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have shown the predictive potential of hand grip strength regarding short and long-term mortality and morbidity. In patients, impaired grip strength is an indicator of increased postoperative complications, increased length of hospitalization, higher rehospitalisation rate and decreased physical status. In elderly in particular, loss of grip strength implies loss of independence. Epidemiological studies have moreover demonstrated that low grip strength in healthy adults predicts increased risk of functional limitations and disability in higher age as well as all-cause mortality. As muscle function reacts early to nutritional deprivation, hand grip strength has also become a popular marker of nutritional status and is increasingly being employed as outcome variable in nutritional intervention studies.
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Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: indications and limitations.
Popovic, MR, Curt, A, Keller, T, Dietz, V
Spinal cord. 2001;(8):403-12
Abstract
This review describes the state of art in the field of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and its impact on improving grasping and walking functions in acute and chronic Spinal Cord Injured (SCI) patients. It is argued that during the early rehabilitation period the FES systems with surface stimulation electrodes should be used to assist training of hand and leg movements in SCI patients. Our clinical trials have shown that a number of acute SCI patients with impaired walking and grasping functions could improve these functions due to training with an adjustable FES system to the point that they finally did not need the FES system to carry out these tasks. Other acute SCI patients, who did not recover the desired function, were enabled to perform either walking or grasping with the FES assistance. We believe that the subjects who can perform grasping or walking with the help of FES, and still use the neuroprosthesis 6 months after being subjected to the FES training, should consider the FES system as a prosthetic device in Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Despite the significant technical progress achieved in the last 10 to 15 years in the FES field, there is a general consensus that these systems are not sufficiently advanced and that they need further development. The limited acceptance of the FES technology can be in part explained by the fact that it is not completely mature and that the patients still require daily assistance to use the FES systems. Nevertheless the present FES treatments combined with conventional occupational and physical therapy still remain the most promising approach in rehabilitating SCI patients. In this review, advantages and limitations of different FES systems that are used to restore grasping and walking functions are discussed.