0
selected
-
1.
Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S): elucidation of endocrine changes affecting the health of males and females.
Dipla, K, Kraemer, RR, Constantini, NW, Hackney, AC
Hormones (Athens, Greece). 2021;(1):35-47
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present a different perspective of the relative energy deficiency syndrome, to improve understanding of associated endocrine alterations, and to highlight the need for further research in this area. The term "female athlete triad" was coined over 25 years ago to describe three interrelated components: disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mass. The syndrome's etiology is attributed to energy intake deficiency relative to energy expenditure required for health, function, and daily living. Recently, it became clear that there was a need to broaden the term, as the disorder is not an issue of only three interrelated problems but of a whole spectrum of insults resulting from low energy availability (LEA; i.e., insufficient energy availability to cover basic physiological demands) that can potentially affect any exerciser, irrespective of gender. The new model, termed relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S), has received greater scrutiny in sports medicine due to its effects on both health and performance in athletes of both sexes. RED-S results from low-energy diets (intentional or unintentional) and/or excessive exercise. Energy deficiency reduces hypothalamic pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, this impairing anterior pituitary release of gonadotropins. In women, reduced FSH and LH pulsatility produces hypoestrogenism, causing functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and decreased bone mass. In men, it reduces testosterone and negatively affects bone health. Moreover, LEA alters other hormonal pathways, causing physiological consequences, such as alteration of the thyroid hormone signaling pathways, leptin levels, carbohydrate metabolism, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, and sympathetic/parasympathetic tone. This review explains and clarifies the effects of RED-S in both sexes.
-
2.
Noncanonical Sequences Involving NHERF1 Interaction with NPT2A Govern Hormone-Regulated Phosphate Transport: Binding Outside the Box.
Mamonova, T, Friedman, PA
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(3)
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchange factor-1 (NHERF1), a multidomain PDZ scaffolding phosphoprotein, is required for the type II sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter (NPT2A)-mediated renal phosphate absorption. Both PDZ1 and PDZ2 domains are involved in NPT2A-dependent phosphate uptake. Though harboring identical core-binding motifs, PDZ1 and PDZ2 play entirely different roles in hormone-regulated phosphate transport. PDZ1 is required for the interaction with the C-terminal PDZ-binding sequence of NPT2A (-TRL). Remarkably, phosphocycling at Ser290 distant from PDZ1, the penultimate step for both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) regulation, controls the association between NHERF1 and NPT2A. PDZ2 interacts with the C-terminal PDZ-recognition motif (-TRL) of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 6A (GRK6A), and that promotes phosphorylation of Ser290. The compelling biological puzzle is how PDZ1 and PDZ2 with identical GYGF core-binding motifs specifically recognize distinct binding partners. Binding determinants distinct from the canonical PDZ-ligand interactions and located "outside the box" explain PDZ domain specificity. Phosphorylation of NHERF1 by diverse kinases and associated conformational changes in NHERF1 add more complexity to PDZ-binding diversity.
-
3.
PIF4 and PIF4-Interacting Proteins: At the Nexus of Plant Light, Temperature and Hormone Signal Integrations.
Xu, Y, Zhu, Z
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(19)
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) is necessary for plant adaption to light or high ambient temperature. PIF4 directly associates with plenty of its target genes and modulates the global transcriptome to induce or reduce gene expression levels. However, PIF4 activity is tightly controlled by its interacting proteins. Until now, twenty-five individual proteins have been reported to physically interact with PIF4. These PIF4-interacting proteins act together with PIF4 and form a unique nexus for plant adaption to light or temperature change. In this review, we will discuss the different categories of PIF4-interacting proteins, including photoreceptors, circadian clock regulators, hormone signaling components, and transcription factors. These distinct PIF4-interacting proteins either integrate light and/or temperature cues with endogenous hormone signaling, or control PIF4 abundances and transcriptional activities. Taken together, PIF4 and PIF4-interacting proteins play major roles for exogenous and endogenous signal integrations, and therefore establish a robust network for plants to cope with their surrounding environmental alterations.
-
4.
A strategic review on the involvement of receptors, transcription factors and hormones in acne pathogenesis.
Bharti, S, Vadlamudi, HC
Journal of receptor and signal transduction research. 2021;(2):105-116
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a very common pilosebaceous inflammatory disease occurring primarily on the face and also rare on the upper arms, trunk, and back, which is caused by Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and other species. Pathophysiology of acne comprises of irregular keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, increased sebum output, bacterial antigens and cytokines induced inflammatory response. Treatment of acne requires proper knowledge on the pathophysiology then only the clinician can come out with a proper therapeutic dosage regimen. Understanding the pathophysiology not only includes the mechanism but also involvement of receptors. Thus, this review is framed in such a way that the authors have focused on the disease acne vulgaris, pathophysiology, transcription factors viz. the Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) Transcription Factor, hormones like androgens and receptors such as Histamine receptors, Retinoic receptor, Fibroblast growth factor receptors, Toll like receptor, Androgen receptor, Liver X-receptor, Melanocortin receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and epidermal growth factor receptors involvement in the progression of acne vulgaris.
-
5.
Eat, Train, Sleep-Retreat? Hormonal Interactions of Intermittent Fasting, Exercise and Circadian Rhythm.
Haupt, S, Eckstein, ML, Wolf, A, Zimmer, RT, Wachsmuth, NB, Moser, O
Biomolecules. 2021;(4)
Abstract
The circadian rhythmicity of endogenous metabolic and hormonal processes is controlled by a complex system of central and peripheral pacemakers, influenced by exogenous factors like light/dark-cycles, nutrition and exercise timing. There is evidence that alterations in this system may be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. It has been shown that disruptions to normal diurnal rhythms lead to drastic changes in circadian processes, as often seen in modern society due to excessive exposure to unnatural light sources. Out of that, research has focused on time-restricted feeding and exercise, as both seem to be able to reset disruptions in circadian pacemakers. Based on these results and personal physical goals, optimal time periods for food intake and exercise have been identified. This review shows that appropriate nutrition and exercise timing are powerful tools to support, rather than not disturb, the circadian rhythm and potentially contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, both lifestyle interventions are unable to address the real issue: the misalignment of our biological with our social time.
-
6.
Plant Copper Amine Oxidases: Key Players in Hormone Signaling Leading to Stress-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity.
Fraudentali, I, Rodrigues-Pousada, RA, Angelini, R, Ghuge, SA, Cona, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(10)
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds, present in living organisms and essential for cell growth and differentiation. Copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) oxidize polyamines to aminoaldehydes releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide, which participates in the complex network of reactive oxygen species acting as signaling molecules involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. CuAOs have been identified and characterized in different plant species, but the most extensive study on a CuAO gene family has been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana. Growing attention has been devoted in the last years to the investigation of the CuAO expression pattern during development and in response to an array of stress and stress-related hormones, events in which recent studies have highlighted CuAOs to play a key role by modulation of a multilevel phenotypic plasticity expression. In this review, the attention will be focused on the involvement of different AtCuAOs in the IAA/JA/ABA signal transduction pathways which mediate stress-induced phenotypic plasticity events.
-
7.
Backstage of Eating Disorder-About the Biological Mechanisms behind the Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa.
Skowron, K, Kurnik-Łucka, M, Dadański, E, Bętkowska-Korpała, B, Gil, K
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) represents a disorder with the highest mortality rate among all psychiatric diseases, yet our understanding of its pathophysiological components continues to be fragmentary. This article reviews the current concepts regarding AN pathomechanisms that focus on the main biological aspects involving central and peripheral neurohormonal pathways, endocrine function, as well as the microbiome-gut-brain axis. It emerged from the unique complexity of constantly accumulating new discoveries, which hamper the ability to look at the disease in a more comprehensive way. The emphasis is placed on the mechanisms underlying the main symptoms and potential new directions that require further investigation in clinical settings.
-
8.
Endocrinology and immunology of acne: Two sides of the same coin.
Zouboulis, CC
Experimental dermatology. 2020;(9):840-859
Abstract
Current experimental research on acne pathophysiology has revealed a more complicated background than the classically reported four-factor aetiology. Cells of the pilosebaceous unit, which represent the template for the development of acne lesions, seem to be parallelly affected by endocrinological/metabolic factors as well as inflammatory/immunological ones that cooperate in sebocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Indeed, the unique programme of sebocyte terminal differentiation and death, the so called holocrine secretion, is influenced by inflammatory and metabolic (lipid) signalling with common denominator the selective regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Autophagy provides substrates for energy generation and biosynthesis of new cell structure proteins contributing to the normally increased sebaceous gland metabolic functions, which are also regulated by extracellular calcium signalling, essential lipids and hormones. The ultimate differentiation product of human sebocytes, sebum, co-regulates the inflammatory sebocyte status. Sebum composition is controlled among others by Propionibacterium acnes and other bacteria, sexual hormones, neuropeptides, endogenous opioids and environmental agents, which may function as endocrine disruptors. Diet may also be an important source of substrates for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory sebaceous lipids. Sebum changes might induce inflammation and initiate underlying immune mechanisms leading to acne lesions. Current new therapeutic efforts on acne concentrate on anti-inflammatory/immunologically active concepts, which are able to regulate sebaceous lipogenesis. At last, current molecular studies based on published molecular data sets confirmed the major role of inflammation in acne development.
-
9.
Placental Regulation of Energy Homeostasis During Human Pregnancy.
Armistead, B, Johnson, E, VanderKamp, R, Kula-Eversole, E, Kadam, L, Drewlo, S, Kohan-Ghadr, HR
Endocrinology. 2020;(7)
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Successful pregnancies rely on sufficient energy and nutrient supply, which require the mother to metabolically adapt to support fetal needs. The placenta has a critical role in this process, as this specialized organ produces hormones and peptides that regulate fetal and maternal metabolism. The ability for the mother to metabolically adapt to support the fetus depends on maternal prepregnancy health. Two-thirds of pregnancies in the United States involve obese or overweight women at the time of conception. This poses significant risks for the infant and mother by disrupting metabolic changes that would normally occur during pregnancy. Despite well characterized functions of placental hormones, there is scarce knowledge surrounding placental endocrine regulation of maternal metabolic trends in pathological pregnancies. In this review, we discuss current efforts to close this gap of knowledge and highlight areas where more research is needed. As the intrauterine environment predetermines the health and wellbeing of the offspring in later life, adequate metabolic control is essential for a successful pregnancy outcome. Understanding how placental hormones contribute to aberrant metabolic adaptations in pathological pregnancies may unveil disease mechanisms and provide methods for better identification and treatment. Studies discussed in this review were identified through PubMed searches between the years of 1966 to the present. We investigated studies of normal pregnancy and metabolic disorders in pregnancy that focused on energy requirements during pregnancy, endocrine regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and placental hormone regulation.
-
10.
How Hormones and MADS-Box Transcription Factors Are Involved in Controlling Fruit Set and Parthenocarpy in Tomato.
Molesini, B, Dusi, V, Pennisi, F, Pandolfini, T
Genes. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Fruit set is the earliest phase of fruit growth and represents the onset of ovary growth after successful fertilization. In parthenocarpy, fruit formation is less affected by environmental factors because it occurs in the absence of pollination and fertilization, making parthenocarpy a highly desired agronomic trait. Elucidating the genetic program controlling parthenocarpy, and more generally fruit set, may have important implications in agriculture, considering the need for crops to be adaptable to climate changes. Several phytohormones play an important role in the transition from flower to fruit. Further complexity emerges from functional analysis of floral homeotic genes. Some homeotic MADS-box genes are implicated in fruit growth and development, displaying an expression pattern commonly observed for ovary growth repressors. Here, we provide an overview of recent discoveries on the molecular regulatory gene network underlying fruit set in tomato, the model organism for fleshy fruit development due to the many genetic and genomic resources available. We describe how the genetic modification of components of this network can cause parthenocarpy, discussing the contribution of hormonal signals and MADS-box transcription factors.