1.
Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort.
Ferreira, AL, Alves, R, Figueiredo, A, Alves-Santos, N, Freitas-Costa, N, Batalha, M, Yonemitsu, C, Manivong, N, Furst, A, Bode, L, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(3)
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition varies throughout lactation and can be influenced by maternal characteristics. This study describes HMO variation up to three months postpartum and explores the influences of maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics in a Brazilian prospective cohort. We followed 101 subjects from 28-35 gestational weeks (baseline) and throughout lactation at 2-8 (visit 1), 28-50 (visit 2) and 88-119 days postpartum (visit 3). Milk samples were collected at visits 1, 2 and 3, and 19 HMOs were quantified usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Friedman post-hoc test, Spearman rank correlation for maternal characteristics and HMOs and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were used to define the HMO profile. Most women were secretors (89.1%) and presented high proportion of 2'-fucosyllactose (2ꞌFL) at all three sample times, while lacto-N-tetraose (LNT, 2-8 days) and lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFPII, 28-50 and 88-119 days) were the most abundant HMOs in non-secretor women. Over the course of lactation, total HMO weight concentrations (g/L) decreased, but total HMO molar concentrations (mmol/L) increased, highlighting differential changes in HMO composition over time. In addition, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and parity influence the HMO composition in healthy women in this Brazilian cohort.
2.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy started during pregnancy or postpartum suppresses HIV-1 RNA, but not DNA, in breast milk.
Shapiro, RL, Ndung'u, T, Lockman, S, Smeaton, LM, Thior, I, Wester, C, Stevens, L, Sebetso, G, Gaseitsiwe, S, Peter, T, et al
The Journal of infectious diseases. 2005;(5):713-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA and DNA in breast milk has not been described. METHODS We compared breast-milk HIV-1 RNA and DNA loads of women in Botswana who received HAART (nevirapine, lamivudine, and zidovudine) and women who did not receive HAART. RESULTS Women in the HAART group received treatment for a median of 98 days (range, 67-222 days) at the time of breast-milk sampling; 23 (88%) of 26 had whole breast-milk HIV-1 RNA loads <50 copies/mL, compared with 9 (36%) of 25 women who did not receive HAART (P=.0001). This finding remained significant in a multivariate logistic-regression model (P = .0006). The whole-milk HIV-1 DNA load was unaffected by HAART. Of women who received HAART, 13 (50%) of 26 had HIV-1 DNA loads <10 copies/10(6) cells, compared with 15 (65%) of 23 who did not receive HAART (P = .39). CONCLUSIONS HAART suppressed cell-free HIV-1 RNA in breast milk and may therefore reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 via breast-feeding. However, HAART initiated during pregnancy or early after delivery had no apparent effect on cell-associated HIV-1 DNA loads in breast milk. Clinical trials to determine MTCT among breast-feeding women receiving HAART are needed.