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1.
A scoping review of breastfeeding peer support models applied in hospital settings.
Chepkirui, D, Nzinga, J, Jemutai, J, Tsofa, B, Jones, C, Mwangome, M
International breastfeeding journal. 2020;(1):95
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2013 updated guidelines on management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children recommends the support of exclusive breastfeeding. These guidelines are inconsistently applied in low and middle income countries (LMICs) due to barriers including unclear implementation guides, technical support and epidemiological factors. Peer support strategies have been used to offer psychological support to families with infants in NICU and improve mental health outcomes. Breastfeeding peer supporters (BFPS) have been shown to be effective in improving breastfeeding outcomes in community settings however, their success within hospital settings in LMICs is unknown. We conducted a scoping review to explore implementation of breastfeeding peer support strategies as have been applied to hospitalized infants globally and highlight their implementation strategies in order to guide future research and practice. METHODS A scoping review of the literature was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. A search was conducted in five online databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, Hinari, Google Scholar and Open Grey library). Data were extracted and charted in data extraction tables to capture general characteristics, modes of peer support delivery, implementation details and evaluation procedures. RESULTS From the online search 276 articles were identified, however only 18 met the inclusion criteria for the study. The majority of these articles were reports on in-patient breastfeeding peer support interventions applied in Europe and the United States of America and only two were from LMICs. The articles described peer supporters' identification, training (n = 13) and supervision (n = 14). The majority of the BFPS were employed (n = 10) compared to volunteers (n = 3) and support was mainly one-to-one (n = 11) rather than group support. Process and impact evaluation (n = 13) reported positive breastfeeding outcomes associated with breastfeeding peer support. CONCLUSION Breastfeeding peer support strategies are applied in different hospital settings and can be used to improve breastfeeding outcomes. However, to achieve integration, scalability and comparability of impact and outcomes, there is a need to standardize training, develop consistent implementation and supervision plans of in-patient peer supporters' strategies. Further research to assess sustainability and evaluate cost-effectiveness of in-patient breastfeeding peer support strategies will improve uptake and scalability of these potentially lifesaving interventions.
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2.
'Mankind owes to the child the best that it has to give': prison conditions and the health situation and rights of children incarcerated with their mothers in sub-Saharan African prisons.
Van Hout, MC, Mhlanga-Gunda, R
BMC international health and human rights. 2019;(1):13
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent times, sub-Saharan African (SSA) prisons have seen a substantial increase in women prisoners, including those incarcerated with children. METHODS A scoping review mapped what is currently known about the health situation and unique rights violations of children incarcerated with their mothers in SSA prisons. A systematic search collected and reviewed all available and relevant published and grey literature (2000-2018). Following application of exclusion measures, 64 records remained, which represented 27 of the 49 SSA countries. These records were charted and thematically analysed. RESULTS Four main themes were generated as follows: 1) the prison physical environment; 2) food availability, adequacy and quality; 3) provision of basic necessities and 4) availability and accessibility of health services for incarcerated children. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights the grave situation of children incarcerated with their mothers in SSA prisons, underpinned by the lack of basic necessities, inadequate hygiene, sanitation and safe drinking water, exposure to diseases in overcrowded cells, inadequate nutrition, lack of provision of clothing and bedding, and difficulties accessing paediatric care. Reported paediatric morbidity and mortality associated with such prison conditions is deeply concerning and contrary to international mandates for the rights of the child, right to health and standards of care.
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3.
Critical Review of Theory Use in Breastfeeding Interventions.
Bai, YK, Lee, S, Overgaard, K
Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2019;(3):478-500
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous efforts to promote breastfeeding resulted in a steady increase in the rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration. Increasing numbers of breastfeeding interventions are focused on breastfeeding maintenance and exclusivity and based on behavioral theories. Few studies critically analyzed the use of theories in breastfeeding intervention development and evaluation. RESEARCH AIM The aim of this critical review was to examine the existing literature about breastfeeding intervention, and investigate the role of theory in its development, implementation, and evaluation to provide future directions and implications for breastfeeding interventions. METHODS This critical review examined the existing breastfeeding intervention studies that used self-efficacy theories (SE), theory of planned behavior (TPB), and social cognitive theory (SCT) and were published during the past decade. Using five databases, studies in which researchers explicitly applied these three theories to frame the intervention were selected. Studies were critically reviewed for fidelity to theory in intervention design, delivery, and evaluation. RESULTS Eighteen studies were reviewed: nine SE-, five TPB-, and four SCT-based. Most interventions were focused on building mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy to improve breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. To achieve this goal, researchers who developed SE-based interventions used individual approaches, whereas other researchers who based studies on TPB incorporated social and environmental changes. SE-based studies were more likely to include theory-based instruments, but TPB- and SCT-based studies demonstrated less consistent choices of measurement. Researchers in most studies did not test the relationships between the proposed theoretical constructs and breastfeeding outcomes as guided by theories. Inconsistent outcomes resulted among the studies due to variations in study follow-ups. CONCLUSION Sound applications of single or multiple theories demonstrate a great potential to help practitioners and researchers develop effective breastfeeding interventions and evaluate true impacts on positive breastfeeding outcomes.
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4.
A realist review of infant feeding counselling to increase exclusive breastfeeding by HIV-positive women in sub Saharan-Africa: what works for whom and in what contexts.
Nyoni, S, Sweet, L, Clark, J, Ward, P
BMC public health. 2019;(1):570
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and infant feeding promotes exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in resource limited settings for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Literature reveals poor uptake of WHO feeding guidelines, with mixed feeding being a regular practice. In light of the limited success in EBF promotion, a realist review was conducted, analysing the use of feeding counselling to increase exclusive breastfeeding by HIV-positive women in sub Saharan-Africa, where the majority of HIV childhood infections occur. We considered what mechanisms were at play, for whom and in what circumstances they led to exclusive breastfeeding. METHODS Because infant feeding counselling is a complex social intervention with a non-linear causal pathway for preventing mother to child HIV transmission, a realist methodology was chosen for this study. Using Pawson's five stage sequence for conducting realist reviews, the results are presented as a set of identified and refined context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations. These CMO configurations were used to show how particular outcomes occurred in specific contexts due to a generative mechanism and were developed through identifying a review question and program theory, searching for primary studies, quality appraisal, data extraction and data synthesis. RESULTS From an initial 1010 papers, 27 papers met the inclusion criteria and were used to refine the program theory. Exclusive breastfeeding occurred when a woman was motivated regarding motherhood, had correct learning and understanding about infant feeding practices through counselling, no fear of breastfeeding or the impact of opposing feeding related cultural beliefs, and the support from others to be assertive about their feeding choices when faced with pressure to mix-feed. An additional CMO configuration was added during the refinement of the program theory identifying that mothers needed to not just understand but also prioritize EBF advice over cultural beliefs and stigma. CONCLUSION The intended audience for this review are researchers and health care workers in PMTCT, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, who may benefit from the work that has been done to identify contexts for the success and failures of EBF.
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5.
[Health effects of breastfeeding on the mother].
Abou-Dakn, M
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2018;(8):986-989
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of breastfeeding on maternal health outcomes. We distinguished between long-term effects (breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus) and short-term effects (lactational amenorrhea, postpartum depression, and postpartum weight change).Predominant breastfeeding increases the duration of lactational amenorrhea, which has a short-term effect on the reduction of fertility. There are many studies that show that breastfeeding is protective against breast, ovarian carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma. The effects depend on the duration of breastfeeding. There is evidence that breastfeeding reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome and cardiac diseases. However, an association between breastfeeding and bone mineral density or maternal depression or postpartum weight change was not clearly evident.
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6.
Maternal Predictors of Child Dietary Behaviors and Weight Status.
Hughes, SO, Papaioannou, MA
Current nutrition reports. 2018;(4):268-273
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide scientific evidence showing links between parenting/feeding, child eating, and weight status and recommend best practices for creating a feeding environment protective against childhood obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Current research shows that authoritative styles in both feeding and general parenting contexts has been consistently associated with better child health outcomes. Authoritative feeding styles have been associated with better child dietary quality and weight. Indulgent feeding styles have been associated with problematic child eating behaviors and higher weight. Authoritative general parenting styles have predicted healthier child weight status overtime. Highly controlling feeding behaviors in the form of parental styles or practices hinder development of healthy eating in children. It is more productive to study styles of feeding as opposed to practices as feeding styles show less variability in predicting child health outcomes. Areas that warrant further research are identified and recommendations of beneficial feeding behaviors are provided.
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7.
Prenatal anxiety effects: A review.
Field, T
Infant behavior & development. 2017;:120-128
Abstract
This review is based on literature on prenatal anxiety effects that was found on Pubmed and PsycINFO for the years 2010-2016. Prenatal anxiety is thought to have distinct features, although it has been measured both by specific prenatal anxiety symptoms as well as by standardized anxiety scales. Its prevalence has ranged from 21 to 25% and it has been predicted by a number of pregnancy - related variables such as unintended pregnancy, demographic variables such as low acculturation and income and psychosocial factors including pessimism and partner tension. Prenatal anxiety effects on pregnancy include increased cortisol levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, obstetric problems and cesarean section. Effects on the neonate include lower gestational age, prematurity, less insulin-like growth factor in cord blood, less exclusive breast-feeding and less self-regulation during the heelstick procedure. Prenatal anxiety effects continue into infancy and childhood both on physiological development and emotional/mental development. Among the physiological effects are lower vagal activity across the first two years, and lower immunity, more illnesses and reduced gray matter in childhood. Prenatal anxiety effects on emotional/mental development include greater negative emotionality and in infants, lower mental development scores and internalizing problems. Anxiety disorders occur during childhood and elevated cortisol and internalizing behaviors occur during adolescence. Interventions for prenatal anxiety are virtually nonexistent, although stroking (massaging) the infant has moderated the pregnancy - specific anxiety effects on internalizing behaviors in the offspring. The limitations of this literature include the homogeneity of samples, the frequent use of anxiety measures that are not specific to pregnancy, and the reliance on self-report. Nonetheless, the literature highlights the negative, long-term effects of prenatal anxiety and the need for screening and early interventions.
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8.
Do workplace policies influence a woman's decision to breastfeed?
Winegar, R, Johnson, A
The Nurse practitioner. 2017;(4):34-39
Abstract
This literature review addresses workplace breastfeeding policies in the United States. Breastfeeding yields many important benefits to both mother and infants, yet workplace barriers contribute to low rates of breastfeeding. NPs often serve as the initial point of education for new mothers and may impact decisions to breastfeed.
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9.
Induction of Lactation in the Biological Mother After Gestational Surrogacy of Twins: A Novel Approach and Review of Literature.
Farhadi, R, Philip, RK
Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2017;(6):373-376
Abstract
One of the important challenges in surrogate pregnancies is the early bonding of genetic mother with her infant and the establishment of breastfeeding. A combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods is often used for the induction of lactation. Reports of induced lactation in surrogacy are limited and scattered. In this report, we present a case of induced lactation and initiation of breastfeeding in preterm twins by the genetic mother, through her novel approach after a gestational surrogate pregnancy. Thematic approach of maternal account is summarized with context and rigor. We reviewed the reported literature of induced lactation in similar cases with an aim to address the various methods adopted.
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10.
When a Baby Dies: A Systematic Review of Experimental Interventions for Women After Stillbirth.
Huberty, JL, Matthews, J, Leiferman, J, Hermer, J, Cacciatore, J
Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 2017;(7):967-975
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and evaluate intervention studies (ie, experimental study in which the participants undergo some kind of intervention in order to evaluate its impact) that target mental and/or physical health outcomes in women who have experienced stillbirth and to provide specific recommendations for future research and intervention work. METHODS A librarian conducted an initial search using CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, PubMed, SocIndex, and Web of Knowledge in the spring of 2016. Reference mining provided further articles. Articles were eligible if they were: (1) published in English, (2) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (3) published in 1980 or later, (4) an intervention that evaluated (qualitative or quantitative methods) mental and/or physical health, and (5) included women who had experienced a stillbirth (in utero fetal death at ≥20 weeks of gestation). RESULTS The combined searches produced 2733 articles (including duplicates). After duplicate articles were removed (n = 928), the research team screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts (when necessary) for eligibility (n = 1805). Two articles were identified that met our eligibility criteria. Conclusion for Practice: There is a lack of intervention research in women with stillbirth. It is imperative to develop and implement interventions to improve both mental and physical health in this population, especially in the interconception period (ie, stillbirth aftercare). Future intervention research is needed to determine appropriate support and efficacious delivery of support interventions, feasibility and effectiveness of physical activity interventions and complementary approaches, appropriate timing and dose of interventions, and culturally sensitive interventions appropriate for racial/ethnic minority women with stillbirth.