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A critical overview of the current myofascial pain literature - January 2018.
Dommerholt, J, Hooks, T, Chou, LW, Finnegan, M
Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2018;(1):184-191
Abstract
The majority of papers included in the quarterly review discuss various aspects of dry needling (DN), which continues to be of interest to researchers and clinicians. A study by Liu et al. is the first paper to examine the effects of DN of acetylcholine, esterase and receptors. The study provides support for the integrated trigger point hypothesis and for DN. A paper by Hightower and colleagues found an intriguing link between low magnesium levels in the drink water supply, vitamin D, and myofascial pain, cancer, tendon ruptures, and colon polyps. Contributions originated in the Brazil, China, Germany, Iran, India, Poland, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, and the US.
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2.
The quantity and quality of complementary and alternative medicine clinical practice guidelines on herbal medicines, acupuncture and spinal manipulation: systematic review and assessment using AGREE II.
Ng, JY, Liang, L, Gagliardi, AR
BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2016;(1):425
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is often not disclosed by patients, and can be unfamiliar to health care professionals. This may lead to underuse of beneficial CAM therapies, and overuse of other CAM therapies with little proven benefit or known contraindications. No prior research has thoroughly evaluated the credibility of knowledge-based resources. The purpose of this research was to assess the quantity and quality of CAM guidelines. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify CAM guidelines. MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched in January 2016 from 2003 to 2015. The National Guideline Clearinghouse, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health web site, and two CAM journals were also searched. Eligible guidelines published in English language by non-profit agencies on herbal medicine, acupuncture, or spinal manipulation for adults with any condition were assessed with the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument. RESULTS From 3,126 unique search results, 17 guidelines (two herbal medicine, three acupuncture, four spinal manipulation, eight mixed CAM therapies) published in 2003 or later and relevant to several clinical conditions were eligible. Scaled domain percentages from highest to lowest were clarity of presentation (85.3 %), scope and purpose (83.3 %), rigour of development (61.2 %), editorial independence (60.1 %), stakeholder involvement (52.0 %) and applicability (20.7 %). Quality varied within and across guidelines. None of the 17 guidelines were recommended by both appraisers; 14 were recommended as Yes or Yes with modifications. CONCLUSIONS Guidelines that scored well could be used by patients and health care professionals as the basis for discussion about the use of these CAM therapies. In future updates, guidelines that achieved variable or lower scores could be improved according to specifications in the AGREE II instrument, and with insight from a large number of resources that are available to support guideline development and implementation. Future research should identify CAM therapies other than those reviewed here for which guidelines are available. Research is also needed on the safety and effectiveness of CAM therapies.
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3.
Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants.
Schulzke, SM, Kaempfen, S, Trachsel, D, Patole, SK
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014;(4):CD005387
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants, resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs combined with adequate nutrition might help to promote bone mineralization and growth. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to assess whether physical activity programs in preterm infants improve bone mineralization and growth and reduce the risk of fracture.The secondary objectives included other potential benefits in terms of length of hospital stay, skeletal deformities and neurodevelopmental outcomes, and adverse events.Subgroup analysis:• Given that the smallest infants are most vulnerable for developing osteopenia (Bishop 1999), a subgroup analysis was planned for infants with birth weight < 1000 g.• Calcium and phosphorus intake may affect an infant's ability to increase bone mineral content (Kuschel 2004). Therefore, an additional subgroup analysis was planned for infants receiving different amounts of calcium and phosphorus, along with full enteral feeds as follows. ∘ Below 100 mg/60 mg calcium/phosphorus or equal to/above 100 mg/60 mg calcium/phosphorus per 100 mL milk. ∘ Supplementation of calcium without phosphorus. ∘ Supplementation of phosphorus without calcium. SEARCH METHODS The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group (CNRG) was used. The search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2012, Issue 9), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL (1966 to March 2013), and cross-references, as well as handsearching of abstracts of the Society for Pediatric Research and the International Journal of Sports Medicine. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing physical activity programs (extension and flexion, range-of-motion exercises) versus no organized physical activity programs in preterm infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data collection, study selection, and data analysis were performed according to the methods of the CNRG. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials enrolling 324 preterm infants (gestational age 26 to 34 weeks) were included in this review. All were small (N = 16 to 50) single-center studies that evaluated daily physical activity for three and one-half to eight weeks during initial hospitalization. Methodological quality and reporting of included trials were variable.Four trials demonstrated moderate short-term benefits of physical activity for bone mineralization at completion of the physical activity program. The only trial assessing long-term effects on bone mineralization showed no effect of physical activity administered during initial hospitalization on bone mineralization at 12 months corrected age. Meta-analysis from four trials demonstrated a positive effect of physical activity on daily weight gain (weighted mean difference (WMD) 2.21 g/kg/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 3.19). Data from four trials showed a positive effect on linear growth (WMD 0.12 cm/wk, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.24) but not on head growth (WMD -0.03 cm/wk, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.08) during the study period. Only one trial reported on fractures (this outcome did not occur in intervention and control groups) and complications of preterm birth (no significant differences between intervention and control groups). None of the trials assessed other outcomes relevant to this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Some evidence suggests that physical activity programs might promote short-term weight gain and bone mineralization in preterm infants. Data are inadequate to allow assessment of harm or long-term effects. Current evidence does not support the routine use of physical activity programs in preterm infants. Further trials incorporating infants with a high baseline risk of osteopenia are required. These trials should address adverse events, long-term outcomes, and the effects of nutritional intake (calories, protein, calcium, phosphorus).
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4.
Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants.
Schulzke, SM, Trachsel, D, Patole, SK
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2007;(2):CD005387
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs in the presence of adequate nutrition might help to promote bone mineralization and growth. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review was to assess whether physical activity programs in preterm infants improve bone mineralization and growth and reduce the risk of fractures. SEARCH STRATEGY Following the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, a search was conducted in September 2006 including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2006), cross-references and handsearching of abstracts of the Society for Pediatric Research and the International Journal of Sports Medicine. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing physical activity programs (extension and flexion, range-of-motion exercises for several minutes a day several days per week for at least two weeks) to no organized physical activity programs in preterm infants. Eligible studies included those that provided physical activity for the experimental group, with or without massage and/or tactile stimulation for both experimental and control groups, as well as information on at least one outcome of interest. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed searches and extracted data. All three review authors were involved in selection and assessment of quality of studies. The statistical methods included relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat (NNT) for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes, reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was estimated by the I(2) statistic. A fixed effect model was used to pool data for meta-analyses. MAIN RESULTS Six trials enrolling 169 preterm infants (gestational age 26 to 34 weeks) were included in this review. All were small (N = 20 - 49) single center studies evaluating daily physical activity for 3.5 to 4 weeks during initial hospitalization. The methodological quality and reporting of all trials was poor. None of them stated the methods of concealment of patient allocation, the method of randomization or attempted blinding of the intervention. Only two trials attempted blinding of outcome assessors for outcomes relevant to this review. Two trials (N = 55) demonstrated moderate short-term benefits of physical activity on bone mineralization at completion of the physical activity program. Data was not pooled for meta-analyses due to methodological differences. The only trial (N = 20) assessing long-term effects on bone mineralization showed no effect of physical activity administered during initial hospitalization on bone mineralization at 12 months corrected age. Meta-analysis from three trials (N = 78) demonstrated an effect of physical activity on daily weight gain (WMD 2.77 g/kg/d, 95% CI 1.62, 3.92). Data from two trials (N = 58) showed no effect on linear growth (WMD -0.04 cm/week, 95% CI -0.19, 0.11) or head growth (WMD -0.03 cm/week, 95% CI -0.14, 0.09) during the study period. The I(2) statistic suggested heterogeneity on the analysis of linear growth (p = 0.006, I(2) = 86.9%). None of the trials assessed fractures or other outcomes relevant to this review. Data was insufficient for subgroup analyses based on birth weight and calcium/phosphorus intake. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is weak evidence from six small randomized trials of poor methodological and reporting quality that physical activity programs might promote moderate short-term weight gain and bone mineralization in preterm infants. The clinical importance of these findings is questionable given the small effect size and low baseline risk of poor bone mineralization and growth in study participants. Data is inadequate to assess harm or long term effects. Current evidence does not justify the standard use of physical activity programs in preterm infants. Further evaluation of this intervention in well designed trials incorporating extremely low birth weight infants who are at high risk of osteopenia is required. Future trials should report on adverse events and long term outcomes including fractures, growth, bone mineralization, skeletal deformities and neurodevelopmental impairment. These trials should address the possibility that nutritional intake (calories, protein, calcium, phosphorus) might modify the effects of physical activity.