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The Effects of a Macronutrient-Based Diet and Time-Restricted Feeding (16:8) on Body Composition in Physically Active Individuals-A 14-Week Randomised Controlled Trial.
Isenmann, E, Dissemond, J, Geisler, S
Nutrients. 2021;(9)
Abstract
The number of people suffering from being overweight or obese has risen steadily in recent years. Consequently, new forms of nutrition and diets were developed as potential solutions. In the last years, the time-restricted feeding and continuous energy restriction via macronutrient-based diets were increasingly popular. Both diets were exclusively studied separately. A comparison of the two diets for people with a high body mass index despite regular physical activity has not yet been studied in detail. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of these two diets on body composition and adherence. For this study, a total of 42 subjects (m = 21, f = 21) with a BMI above 25 were recruited from a local fitness gym. After a two-week familiarisation period, one of the two diets was followed over 14 weeks. Dietary behaviour was monitored throughout the period with a food diary. The primary measurement parameters were body weight, lean body mass, fat mass, body mass index, and waist and hip circumference. In addition, adherence was assessed and calculated by food diary and questionnaire. In total, the data of 35 participants (m = 14, f = 21) were analysed. Significant reductions in body weight, fat mass, body mass index, and waist and hip circumference were observed in both groups (p < 0.05). No significant change could be observed in lean body mass in either category. No group and gender differences were detected in any of the primary parameters. For the secondary parameters, a significantly higher adherence was observed in the time-restricted feeding group (p < 0.05). In addition, it can be assumed that an adherence of 60-70% cannot lead to positive changes in body composition. In conclusion, there were no differences between the two diets on the primary parameters. However, it seemed that time-restricted feeding can be better implemented in everyday life, and an adherence of more than 70% is required for both diets to prove effective.
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Unveiling the Correlation between Inadequate Energy/Macronutrient Intake and Clinical Alterations in Volunteers at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome by a Predictive Model.
Danesi, F, Mengucci, C, Vita, S, Bub, A, Seifert, S, Malpuech-Brugère, C, Richard, R, Orfila, C, Sutulic, S, Ricciardiello, L, et al
Nutrients. 2021;(4)
Abstract
Although lifestyle-based interventions are the most effective to prevent metabolic syndrome (MetS), there is no definitive agreement on which nutritional approach is the best. The aim of the present retrospective analysis was to identify a multivariate model linking energy and macronutrient intake to the clinical features of MetS. Volunteers at risk of MetS (F = 77, M = 80) were recruited in four European centres and finally eligible for analysis. For each subject, the daily energy and nutrient intake was estimated using the EPIC questionnaire and a 24-h dietary recall, and it was compared with the dietary reference values. Then we built a predictive model for a set of clinical outcomes computing shifts from recommended intake thresholds. The use of the ridge regression, which optimises prediction performances while retaining information about the role of all the nutritional variables, allowed us to assess if a clinical outcome was manly dependent on a single nutritional variable, or if its prediction was characterised by more complex interactions between the variables. The model appeared suitable for shedding light on the complexity of nutritional variables, which effects could be not evident with univariate analysis and must be considered in the framework of the reciprocal influence of the other variables.
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Both macronutrient food composition and fasting insulin resistance affect postprandial glycemic responses in senior subjects.
Galarregui, C, Navas-Carretero, S, González-Navarro, CJ, Martínez, JA, Zulet, MA, Abete, I
Food & function. 2021;(14):6540-6548
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance (IR) might affect metabolic responses in non-fasting states. Dietary intake and food composition influence postprandial glucose homeostasis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of different test foods varying in the macronutrient composition on postprandial glycemic responses and whether these outcomes are conditioned by the basal glycemic status in senior subjects. METHODS In a randomized, controlled crossover design, thirty-four adults consumed a test food, a high protein product (n = 19) or a high carbohydrate (CHO) product (n = 15), using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a reference. Blood glucose and insulin were measured at fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after starting the food intake. For each type of food, the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin was calculated. IR was measured using the Homeostatic Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Consumption of a high protein product significantly lowered the peak and Δ blood glucose concentrations compared to the high CHO product (p < 0.001). Concerning the insulin response, no significant differences between both foods were observed. Fasting glucose was positively correlated with the glucose iAUC only for the high protein product. Positive associations of both fasting insulin and HOMA-IR with the insulin iAUC for all the cases were observed. Linear regression models showed significant positive associations between the glucose iAUC and fasting glucose after adjusting for age and sex. Regarding the insulin iAUC, positive associations were found with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Regression models also evidenced that both food test consumptions were able to decrease the glucose and insulin iAUC values when compared with the OGTT product. CONCLUSION Our research found that not only is the nutritional composition of foods important, but also the baseline glycemic state of individuals when assessing glycemic index estimations and addressing precision nutritional strategies to prevent and treat IR-associated disturbances.
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Eating to dare - Nutrition impacts human risky decision and related brain function.
Liu, L, Artigas, SO, Ulrich, A, Tardu, J, Mohr, PNC, Wilms, B, Koletzko, B, Schmid, SM, Park, SQ
NeuroImage. 2021;:117951
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Abstract
Macronutrient composition modulates plasma amino acids that are precursors of neurotransmitters and can impact brain function and decisions. Neurotransmitter serotonin has been shown to regulate not only food intake, but also economic decisions. We investigated whether an acute nutrition-manipulation inducing plasma tryptophan fluctuation affects brain function, thereby affecting risky decisions. Breakfasts differing in carbohydrate/protein ratios were offered to test changes in risky decision-making while metabolic and neural dynamics were tracked. We identified that a high-carbohydrate/protein breakfast increased plasma tryptophan/LNAA (large neutral amino acids) ratio which mapped to individual risk propensity changes. The nutrition-manipulation and tryptophan/LNAA fluctuation effects on risk propensity changes were further modulated by individual differences in body fat mass. Using fMRI, we further identified activation in the parietal lobule during risk-processing, of which activities 1) were sensitive to the tryptophan/LNAA fluctuation, 2) were modulated by individual's body fat mass, and 3) predicted the risk propensity changes in decision-making. Our results provide evidence for a personalized nutrition-driven modulation on human risky decision and its metabolic and neural mechanisms.
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Evaluation of PIQNIQ, a Novel Mobile Application for Capturing Dietary Intake.
Blanchard, CM, Chin, MK, Gilhooly, CH, Barger, K, Matuszek, G, Miki, AJ, Côté, RG, Eldridge, AL, Green, H, Mainardi, F, et al
The Journal of nutrition. 2021;(5):1347-1356
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of dietary intake is vital for providing nutrition interventions and understanding the complex role of diet in health. Traditional dietary assessment methods are very resource intensive and burdensome to participants. Technology may help mitigate these limitations and improve dietary data capture. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of a novel mobile application (PIQNIQ) in capturing dietary intake by self-report. Our secondary objective was to assess whether food capture using PIQNIQ was comparable with an interviewer-assisted 24-h recall (24HR). METHODS This study was a single-center randomized clinical trial enrolling 132 adults aged 18 to 65 y from the general population. Under a provided-food protocol with 3 menus designed to include a variety of foods, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 food capture methods: simultaneous entry using PIQNIQ, photo-assisted recall using PIQNIQ, and 24HR. Primary outcomes were energy and nutrient content (calories, total fat, carbohydrates, protein, added sugars, calcium, dietary fiber, folate, iron, magnesium, potassium, saturated fat, sodium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E) captured by the 3 methods. RESULTS The majority of nutrients reported were within 30% of consumed intake in all 3 food capture methods (n = 129 completers). Reported intake was highly (>30%) overestimated for added sugars in both PIQNIQ groups and underestimated for calcium in the photo-assisted recall group only (P < 0.001 for all). However, in general, both PIQNIQ methods had similar levels of accuracy and were comparable to the 24HR except in their overestimation (>30%) of added sugars and total fat (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that intuitive, technology-based methods of dietary data capture are well suited to modern users and, with proper execution, can provide data that are comparable to data obtained with traditional methods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03578458.
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Supraphysiological effects of pancreatic polypeptide on gastric motor function and nutrient tolerance in humans.
Verbeure, W, Rotondo, A, Janssen, P, Carbone, F, Tack, J
Physiological reports. 2021;(17):e15002
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is known to affect food intake. In this exploratory study, we set out to investigate its supraphysiological effect on food tolerance, gastric accommodation, and emptying. In 12 healthy volunteers, 0, 3, or 10 pmol*kg-1 *min-1 PP was administered intravenously (PP0, PP3 or PP10). Thirty minutes thereafter, nutrient drink infusion (60 ml*min-1 ) through a nasogastric feeding tube was started until maximum satiation. Gastric accommodation was assessed by measuring the intragastric pressure (IGP; nasogastric manometry). In a separate test, the effect of PP0 or PP10 on gastric emptying was tested in 10 healthy volunteers and assessed using the 13 C breath test. Results are presented as mean ± SEM, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. For the IGP test, PP increased ingested nutrient volume: 886 ± 93, 1059 ± 124, and 1025 ± 125 ml for PP0, PP3, and PP10, respectively (p = 0.048). In all groups, Nadir IGP values were reached upon food intake (transformed values: 1.5 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.3, and 1.6 ± 0.3 mmHg for PP0, PP3, and PP10, respectively; NS) to return to baseline thereafter. For the gastric emptying study, volunteers ingested a similar nutrient volume: 802 ± 119 and 1089 ± 128 ml (p = 0.016), and gastric half-emptying time was 281 ± 52 and 249 ± 37 min for PP0 and PP10, respectively (NS). No significant correlation between tolerated nutrient volume and IGP drop (R² < 0.01; p = 0.88 for PP0 vs. PP3 and R² =0.07; p = 0.40 for PP0 vs. PP10, respectively) or gastric half-emptying time (R² = 0.12; p = 0.32) was found. A supraphysiological PP dose enhances food tolerance; however, this effect is not mediated through gastric motility. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT03854708 is obtained from clinicaltrials.gov.
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A plant-based meal affects thalamus perfusion differently than an energy- and macronutrient-matched conventional meal in men with type 2 diabetes, overweight/obese, and healthy men: A three-group randomized crossover study.
Kahleova, H, Tintera, J, Thieme, L, Veleba, J, Klementova, M, Kudlackova, M, Malinska, H, Oliyarnyk, O, Markova, I, Haluzik, M, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(4):1822-1833
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reward circuitry in the brain plays a key role in weight regulation. We tested the effects of a plant-based meal on these brain regions. METHODS A randomized crossover design was used to test the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a vegan (V-meal) and a conventional meat (M-meal) on brain activity, gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 20), overweight/obese participants (O; n = 20), and healthy controls (H; n = 20). Brain perfusion was measured, using arterial spin labeling functional brain imaging; satiety was assessed using a visual analogue scale; and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were determined at 0 and 180 min. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. The Hedge's g statistic was used to measure the effect size for means of paired difference between the times (180-0 min) and meal types (M-V meal) for each group. RESULTS Thalamus perfusion was the highest in patients with T2D and the lowest in overweight/obese individuals (p = 0.001). Thalamus perfusion decreased significantly after ingestion of the M-meal in men with T2D (p = 0.04) and overweight/obese men (p = 0.004), and it decreased significantly after ingestion of the V-meal in healthy controls (p < 0.001; Group x Meal x Time: F = 3.4; p = 0.035). The effect size was -0.41 (95% CI, -1.14 to 0.31; p = 0.26) for men with diabetes; -0.72 (95% CI, -1.48 to 0.01; p = 0.05) for overweight/obese men; and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.59; p = 0.03) for healthy men. Postprandial secretion of active GLP-1 increased after the V-meal compared with the M-meal by 42% (95% CI 25-62%; p = 0.003) in men with T2D and by 41% (95% CI 24-61%; p = 0.002) in healthy controls. Changes in thalamus perfusion after ingestion of both test meals correlated with changes in satiety (r = +0.68; p < 0.01), fasting plasma insulin (r = +0.40; p < 0.01), C-peptide (r = +0.48; p < 0.01) and amylin (r = +0.55; p < 0.01), and insulin secretion at 5 mmol/l (r = +0.77; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The higher postprandial GLP-1 secretion after the V-meal in men with T2D, with concomitant greater satiety and changes in thalamus perfusion, suggest a potential use of plant-based meals in addressing the key pathophysiologic mechanisms of food intake regulation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474147.
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Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality, and Diet Diversity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Impact of the Low FODMAP Diet.
Staudacher, HM, Ralph, FSE, Irving, PM, Whelan, K, Lomer, MCE
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2020;(4):535-547
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may modify their diet, which may pose nutritional risk. Further, some dietary approaches, such as a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs), are restrictive and may contribute to nutritional inadequacy. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate habitual nutrient intake, diet quality, and diversity in IBS and the effect of a 4-week low FODMAP diet on these parameters compared with controls. DESIGN Data from two randomized controlled trials were included for this secondary analysis. Participants were randomized to low FODMAP diet (n=63) or control diet (sham diet n=48, habitual diet n=19). PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants included 130 individuals with IBS referred to a tertiary center in London, UK between January 2010 to June 2011 and January 2013 to November 2014. INTERVENTION Participants in one trial were randomized to receive either low FODMAP dietary counseling or sham control dietary counseling. In the other, they were randomized to receive low FODMAP dietary counseling or to continue habitual diet. All advice was provided by a specialist dietitian. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Habitual (usual) dietary intake at baseline (n=130) and after a 4-week intervention period was measured using 7-day food records. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Analysis of covariance and χ2 tests evaluated differences across groups at 4 weeks. RESULTS When examining habitual intake of individuals with IBS, fiber intake was low, with only 6 (5%) achieving the target (30 g/day). In those receiving low FODMAP advice, there was no difference in intake of most nutrients compared with controls. However, there was lower intake of starch (109 g/day) vs habitual control diet (128 g/day; P=0.030), and higher intake of vitamin B-12 (6.1 μg/day) vs habitual (3.9 μg/day) and sham control diets (4.7 μg/day; P<0.01). Overall scores for diet quality were lower after low FODMAP advice vs habitual control diet (P<0.01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates many individuals with IBS fail to meet dietary reference values for multiple nutrients. A 4-week low FODMAP diet, when delivered by a specialist dietitian, does not impact on intake of most nutrients or diet diversity but decreases diet quality compared with control diets.
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Healthy diet reduces markers of cardiac injury and inflammation regardless of macronutrients: Results from the OmniHeart trial.
Kovell, LC, Yeung, EH, Miller, ER, Appel, LJ, Christenson, RH, Rebuck, H, Schulman, SP, Juraschek, SP
International journal of cardiology. 2020;:282-288
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BACKGROUND Despite diet being a first-line strategy for preventing cardiovascular disease, the optimal macronutrient profile remains unclear. We studied the effects of macronutrient profile on subclinical cardiovascular injury and inflammation. METHODS OmniHeart was a randomized 3-period, crossover feeding study in 164 adults with high blood pressure or hypertension (SBP 120-159 or DBP 80-99 mm Hg). Participants were fed each of 3 diets (emphasizing carbohydrate (CARB), protein (PROT), or unsaturated fat (UNSAT)) for 6-weeks, with feeding periods separated by a washout period. Weight was held constant. Fasting serum was collected at baseline while participants ate their own diets and after each feeding period. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured in stored specimens. RESULTS The average age was 53.6 years, 55% were African American, and 45% were women. At baseline, the median (25th-percentile, 75th-percentile) hs-cTnI was 3.3 ng/L (1.9, 5.6) and hs-CRP was 2.2 mg/L (1.1, 5.2). Compared to baseline, all 3 diets reduced hs-cTnI: CARB -8.6% (95%CI: -16.1, -0.4), PROT -10.8% (-18.4, -2.5), and UNSAT -9.4% (-17.4, -0.5). Hs-CRP was similarly changed by -13.9 to -17.0%. Hs-cTnI and hs-CRP reductions were of similar magnitudes as SBP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) but were not associated with these risk-factor reductions (P-values = 0.09). There were no between-diet differences in hs-cTnI and hs-CRP reductions. CONCLUSIONS Healthy diet, regardless of macronutrient emphasis, directly mitigated subclinical cardiac injury and inflammation in a population at risk for cardiovascular disease. These findings support dietary recommendations emphasizing healthy foods rather than any one macronutrient. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, number: NCT00051350; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00051350.
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Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets.
de Luis, DA, Primo, D, Izaola, O, Aller, R
Lifestyle genomics. 2020;(1):20-27
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of ADIPOQ gene variants in weight loss after different dietary fat amounts remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the effects of ADIPOQ gene polymorphism rs266729 on metabolic changes after two different amounts of dietary fat in two hypocaloric diets. DESIGN A population of 283 obese patients was recruited in a randomized clinical trial with two diets: Diet HF (high-fat diet: 38% carbohydrates, 24% proteins, and 38% fats) versus Diet LF (low-fat diet: 53% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 27% fats). Before and after 3 months, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake, and a biochemical analysis were carried out. The variant of the ADIPOQgene was assessed by real-time PCR. RESULTS Weight loss was similar with both diets in both genotypes (CC vs. CG+GG). After dietary intervention with Diet HF, only subjects with CC genotype showed a significant improvement in insulin levels (-3.3 ± 0.6 vs. -1.8 ± 0.9 mU/L; p = 0.03) and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (-1.3 ± 0.1 vs. -0.8 ± 0.2 units; p = 0.02). After Diet LF, subjects with CC genotype showed a significant improvement in total cholesterol levels (CC vs. CG+GG) (-15.3 ± 1.4 vs. -6.4 ± 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (-14.6 ± 1.8 vs. -6.4 ± 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.01), insulin levels (-4.6 ± 1.0 vs. -1.6 ± 0.5 mU/L; p = 0.01), and HOMA-IR (-1.6 ± 0.1 vs. -1.0 ± 0.2 units; p = 0.02). Only subjects with CC genotype showed a significant increase of adiponectin levels after both diets (CC vs. CG+GG): Diet HF (10.6 ± 2.0 vs. 1.8 ± 1.0 ng/dL; p = 0.01) and Diet LF (16.1 ± 2.8 vs. 1.3 ± 1.0 ng/dL: p = 0.03). CONCLUSION CC genotype of ADIPOQgene variantrs266729 was associated with a better metabolic response after both diets. Additionally, Diet LF produced a significant improvement in lipid profile in noncarriers of allele G.